A Complete Guide to Mannaz, the Humanity Rune

Today, we continue our runic study journey by looking at Mannaz (MAHN-nahz), the Humanity rune. While this rune appears much later in the runic poems, I felt it important to cover it now, considering all that is happening in the world. Mannaz (ᛗ) is associated with collective effort, humanity, and connectivity, which is critical in times of crisis.

As seen in my previous runic guides, today's post will include a deep dive into the runic poems, Mannaz's cultural significance, its correspondences, how to work with it, its meaning in a spread, and its relationships with runes. Also included is a free printable for your Book of Shadows or Grimoire!

Mannaz's Portrayal in the Rune Poems

Mannaz ᛗ is the fourth rune in the final ætt, which belongs to Tyr. This ætt is characterized by justice, courage, heroic glory, and balance. Mannaz encompasses Tyr's spirit of justice and balance by reminding us that we must form and keep community with each other. Like Jera and Isa, Mannaz appears in all three runic poems, suggesting similar cultural meanings across the continent.

Icelandic Rune Poem                                  Translation:

Maðr er manns gaman                                  Maðr, delight of man

ok moldar auki                                              and augmentation of the earth

ok skipa skreytir.                                           and adorner of ships.

homo mildingr.                                              

Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem                            Translation:

Man byþ on myrgþe his magan leof:            The joyous man is dear to his kinsmen;

sceal þeah anra gehwylc oðrum swican,     yet every man is doomed to fail his fellow,

forðum drihten wyle dome sine                    since the Lord by his decree will commit 

þæt earme flæsc eorþan betæcan.              the vile carrion to the earth.

Norwegian Rune Poem                               Translation:

Maðr er moldar auki;                                    Man is an augmentation of the dust;

mikil er græip á hauki.                                 great is the claw of the hawk.

From each of these three poems, a pattern emerges. First and foremost, Mannaz ᛗ is referred to as "Man" which, in more modern times, has been referred to as 'humanity.' This is where Mannaz gets its modern English name "Man." However, it is more than just a reference to humanity and mankind. The Anglo-Saxon rune poem in particular hints at Mannaz's deeper meaning of community, collective effort, and connectivity. "The joyous man is dear to his kinsmen" suggests that we are each an integral part of our families and communities, but we will all eventually "fail his fellow" through death, which is divinely ordained. 

This allusion to community is further supported in the Icelandic and Norwegian rune poems, which offer a more positive perspective on man's condition. Both poems highlight man's role as an augmentation of the earth or "dust," suggesting we are not only part of this world, but made from it. Our connection to the Earth and all her creatures is within us, part of us. The Icelandic rune poem further suggests that not only are we made of earth, but humans are also the "adorner of ships." This focuses on the positive aspects of human interaction and our accomplishments. We are able to contribute to the greater good of our community and create beautiful things when we work together. The Norwegian rune poem supports this potential for great achievement in the final line "great is the claw of the hawk."

In Norse mythology and folklore, the hawk is associated with wisdom, observation, and knowledge. Veðrfölnir, a hawk, is often depicted perched on Yggdrasil, the world tree, between the eyes of an eagle. Its position symbolizes his role as a messenger and scout, thus associating the hawk with wisdom and insight. The reference to the hawk in the Norwegian rune poem likely represents human ingenuity, especially when working together, just as the hawk works with the eagle.

Needless to say, all three poems reference our interconnectedness to each other, importance in our community, potential or destiny to do great things, but also our eventual death.

Apart from the rune poems, we can also look at the composition of the Mannaz rune itself. Mannaz consisted of a double Wunjo rune- ᛗ. Wunjo signifies joy, happiness, and fulfillment, a state of harmony within oneself and their relationship with others. Generally, Wunjo is seen as joy and happiness within a family. By putting two Wunjo runes together, Mannaz now represents multiple families or the community. Therefore, Mannaz can be viewed as joy, happiness, and fulfillment within the community or society.

Mannaz's Cultural Significance

Norse culture placed strong emphasis on community and the family, which can be seen through the Eddas, sagas, and archeological evidence. A large family was fundamental, particularly on farms where additional help was needed. An individual's status within the community and their destiny were directly tied to family land ownership. While more land meant higher status, it also required more helping hands to manage it, so it wasn't uncommon for multiple generations to live together in longhouses. These longhouses could house 30 to 50 people and served as multifunctional spaces. Individuals would live, work, and gather within these houses. 

Community and social cohesion were strongly valued as families relied on each other for survival. Larger assemblies of families were often known as "things" that were usually ruled by a chieftain. Together with their chieftain, the community would discuss political matters, make laws, and resolve disputes. Strategic marriages were planned, and communal victories were celebrated together. These were held often and played an essential role in maintaining social order while simultaneously strengthening communal bonds. It was an opportunity to display generosity, exchange gifts, and celebrate each other.

As previously mentioned, Things would also decide and pass laws, which were largely oral in nature. As such, enforcement of the laws relied on the community. Failure to follow the laws resulted in ostracization and even exile from the community, which often meant a death sentence, as without the help of your community, it was unlikely you would survive the harsh winters.

Björketorp Runestone by Joachim Bowin

While the Mannaz rune doesn't often appear in the archeological record, it was no doubt highly valued among the Norse as it represented one of their core cultural values-- community. Where we often see the Mannaz rune is on Stentoften stones, whose meaning is debated among scholars. It is widely believed these stones relate to death, possibly as a commemoration of the dead. Given Mannaz's association with community, it comes as no surprise that it would be found on such stones, possibly symbolizing collective grief or possibly as a community blessing to ensure the deceased rest peacefully. 

While the evidence of Mannaz's cultural significance is scarce in the archeological record, there can be no doubt that it was honored and revered as a key tenant of Norse society.

Mannaz's Correspondences

It should be noted that general correspondences are not mentioned in any Nordic text. Instead, these are a best guess based on experiences from both myself and others. In fact, most of these are of modern invention, pulling inspiration from Wicca. As with all correspondence lists, you can add and subtract based on your experiences.

• Upright Meaning: humankind, humanity, social order, interconnectedness, connection, social harmony, support, assistance, collaboration, community, memory, wisdom
• Reversed Meaning: loneliness, isolation, obstacles, interference from the outside, self-delusion, manipulation, lack of support, disconnected, stagnation
• Letter: M
• Element: Water
• Zodiac: Aquarius
• Planet: Jupiter
• Animal: hawk/goshawk, raven, fox
• Colors: purple, blue, dark red
• Deities: Tyr, Odin, Mimir, Heimdall
• Plants: ash, vine, sage, nutmeg, caraway, ginkgo, lemongrass, rosemary, spearmint
• Crystals: garnet, amethyst, apatite
  
  

How to Work with the Mannaz Rune

Incorporating runes into your magical practice can be incredibly rewarding and bring new energies to spells and rituals. But how exactly can you use Mannaz in your workings?

1. Meditate on Mannaz to better understand your role within your community and discover your strengths and weaknesses.
2. Use in spells or rituals to strengthen existing relationships and build new connections.
3. Wear or carry the Mannaz rune to promote friendships, cooperation, and build connections.
4. Chant Mannaz to raise energy to connect with your higher self or connect with divinity, especially Mimir, Odin, Tyr, or Heimdall.
5. Sleep with Mannaz under your pillow to invite dreams that offer guidance on your purpose, relationships, and identity.
6. To promote harmony and mutual respect, write the names of the people you wish to build community with on a piece of paper and draw the Mannaz rune over all of them.
7. Draw the Mannaz rune in anointing oil, chalk, or smoke in a community space to promote harmony and collaboration.
8. Include the symbol of Mannaz (ᛗ) in collaborative assignments, projects, or documents to ensure a harmonious collaboration. You can draw or type the rune into the document in white so it goes unnoticed.
9. Draw the Mannaz rune on packaging or storage of donated food and resources to bless them as acts of solidarity.
10. Incorporate the Mannaz rune into signs, banners, and murals used in activism and protest art.
11. Use in spells and rituals for community protection, collaboration, harmony, and interconnectedness.
12. Draw on a candle while praying for protection and justice for marginalized communities.
13. Use in spells and rituals to elevate marginalized voices.
14. Include on mutual aid altars or other community altars to bring balance and harmony.

Mannaz's Meaning in Rune Spread

What does it mean if Mannaz appears in a rune spread? Mannaz holds various meanings depending on its position and relation to other runes in the spread.

Below are some examples of how to interpret Mannaz when it's next to or near other runes:

• Next to Wunjo or Gebo suggests that working with others and leveraging collective strength will be beneficial.
• In proximity to Isa suggests isolation, stagnation, and a need to re-evaluate your path and motivation.
• Near Dagaz suggests a relationship with a strong foundation built on mutual support.
• If Mannaz is reversed near Nauthiz, it indicates waiting until decisions are made.
• In combination with Sowilo suggests future success for your community and yourself.
• If Mannaz is reversed and found in proximity to Tiwaz or Uruz, it is likely not a good time to show aggression or assertiveness, and instead, take a step back and approach the situation with empathy and understanding.
• Paired with Kenaz suggests personal enlightenment

Mannaz's Relationships with Other Runes

Mannaz, when upright, embodies the concepts of social harmony and personal integrity, while also representing humanity as a collective force. In relation to other runes, Mannaz represents either our relationships or our inner self, and its meaning is influenced by the runes around it. It does not directly oppose or support other runes but instead offers further insight into the meaning of the runes around it.

Reversed, however, Mannaz embodies manipulation and isolation, that you or your community is disconnected from each other. Its full meaning in the reverse position is supported by the runes around it.

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Mannaz invites us to remember that we are a small part in a larger picture and that our role in society is important. We are greater together. Below you will find a printable, cheat sheet that includes a summary of all important information that you can incorporate into your Book of Shadows or Grimoire.

Click the image below to download your free cheat sheet for your Book of Shadows or Grimoire.

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A Complete Guide to Isa, the Ice Rune

Today, we continue our runic study journey by looking at Isa (EE-sah), the Ice rune. It is sometimes viewed as the rune of death as the ultimate stillness or pause in life is death. It's a traditional symbol of winter but also represents strength and perseverance in the face of adversity.

As seen in my previous runic guides, today's post will include a deep dive into the runic poems, Isa's cultural significance, its correspondences, how to work with it, its meaning in a spread, and its relationships with runes. Also included is a free printable for your Book of Shadows or Grimoire!

Isa's Portrayal in the Rune Poems

Isa ᛁ is the third rune in the second ætt, which represents stillness and cycles. It is coupled with Jera, the Harvest or Year rune that represents cycles of time and reward. Isa, on the other hand, captures the stillness before rebirth. Like Jera, Isa appears in all three runic poems, suggesting similar cultural meanings across the continent.

Icelandic Rune Poem                                  Translation:

Íss er árbörkr                                                 Ice is bark of rivers

ok unnar þak                                                 and roof of the wave

ok feigra manna fár.                                     and destruction of the doomed.

glacies jöfurr.                                              

Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem                            Translation:

Is byþ ofereald, ungemetum slidor,               Ice is very cold and immeasurably slippery;

glisnaþ glæshluttur gimmum gelicust,          it glistens as clear as glass and most like to gems;

flor forste geworuht, fæger ansyne.              it is a floor wrought by the frost, fair to look upon.

Norwegian Rune Poem                               Translation:

Ís kǫllum brú bræiða;                                   Ice is called the broad bridge;

blindan þarf at læiða.                                  the blind man must be led.

From each of these three poems, a pattern emerges. First and foremost, Isa ᛁ is referred to as "Ice." This is where Isa gets its modern English name "Ice" and why it's associated with stillness, stasis, and inactivity. Secondly, the dangers of ice are mentioned in all three poems, particularly how dangerous crossing bridges of ice can be. This points to the darker side of Isa, suggesting death and destruction if not taken seriously. Isa is a reminder that ice is a barrier, but an untrustworthy one at that. We must slow down, pause, and wait until we act. Moving too soon or too quickly will most likely end poorly, but this forced stasis is not all bad. Resting is required for rebirth, and in that rest, beautiful things can still happen; "like to gems."

The winter months were particularly difficult for Nordic peoples as they made it impossible to grow food for several months each year. People relied on their communities to ensure they made it safely through these harsh months, as referenced in the Norwegian Rune Poem: "the blind must be led." This is a reference not just to aiding the blind, but to helping all those in need during the winter months. 

We see further reference to the Isa or ice in Havamal 81 which says "Give praise to the day at evening, to a woman on her pyre, To a weapon which is tried, to a maid at wed lock, To ice when it is crossed, to ale that is drunk." This particular passage reminds us to be cautious of acting without thinking and planning first. You shouldn't cross a bridge of ice without first testing it just as you shouldn't drink ale from a stranger or use a weapon you haven't tried first. However, ice is not all doom and gloom as seen two passages later.

Havamal 83 tells says "By the fire drink ale, over ice go on skates..." This tells us that while ice and winter are harsh, there is joy to be found. The only time you can ice skate is during the winter, reminding us to enjoy the stillness.

Being in the second ætt, Isa is associated with Heimdal, the guardian of the Bifrost. All runes within the second ætt are symbolized by resilience, strength, survival, and the cyclical nature of life, and Isa is no exception.

Isa's Cultural Significance

Nature played a pivotal role in Norse society, especially the changing seasons and the wildlife available. This connection is seen in the language and symbolism of the Elder Futhark. The word Isa has its roots in the Proto-Germanic word īsaz meaning "ice," referencing the harsh winters the Norse people were accustomed to. Some suggest Isa's simplistic design (ᛁ) is reminiscent of an icicle, further signifying ice, winter, stillness, delay, and stasis. Others have suggested it could represent a pillar of strength and the strength needed to survive the dark winters.

Some have suggested Isa, like Algiz, may have been carved into weapons or amulets, but I could find no verifiable sources to corroborate this suggestion. Most Nordic weapons have severely deteriorated with time, leaving any inscriptions illegible. Despite the lack of evidence on weapons, Isa is found on tons of waystones and grave markers.

Restored runic waystone

The south side of inscription Ög 224

The above gravemarker depicts ships on the south side and a serpent on the north side and says, "This stone raised in memory of Halfdan, their father; and Ástríðr in memory of her good husbandman." Like all runes, Isa was used to depict sounds and words to communicate with others in the same way our modern alphabets are used.

Isa was also used to create bind runes, most famously in the Vegvísir (Wayfinder) and Ægishjálmur (Helm of Awe). Sometimes referred to as the "Viking Compass" or "Norse Compass", the Vegvísir originated in Iceland but was probably not used by ancient Norse people as the earliest record of it is from the 19th century.

Some suggest the Vegvísir is a Christian magic symbol as the three Icelandic books it appears in state: "To avoid getting lost: keep this sign under your left arm, its name is Vegvísir and it will serve you if you believe in it – if you believe in God in the name of Jesus – the meaning of this sign is hidden in these words, so you may not perish. May God give me luck and blessing in the name of Jesus.” However, it's important to note that the Christianization of the Norse people resulted in a number of kings commissioning runestones that dedicated their lands to Christ. It is possible the three Icelandic books that feature the Vegvísir connected an older pagan symbol of unknown age and origin with 19th-century Icelandic Christianity or that it is a blend of two faiths, which was fairly common during the post-Viking age in Iceland. Furthermore, we know a number of books were burned during "witch hunts" including one in 1664. A schoolmaster confiscated a book from one of his students that supposedly contained 80 spells and 237 figures including "#41: To get no storms at sea, accompanied by a figure." Could this figure have been Vegvísir? We will never know because it is not specifically mentioned by name.

No matter its origin, the Vegvísir, which means "That which shows the way" was a magical stave used for protection against getting lost, particularly at sea. The incorporation of Isa runes may suggest finding your way through frozen or treacherous waters.

Old magic scroll with Ægisjálmur

While the Vegvísir is not mentioned by name in the 1664 account, the Ægishjálmur, or Helm of Awe, is. It also appears in the 1670 Galdrakver manuscript, suggesting it was likely used for far longer than Vegvísir. Furthermore, Ægishjálmur is mentioned in the Eddic poems and Volsung Saga, but these mentions refer to a physical helmet and not the symbol. However, the symbol by the same name is believed to have the same powers as the physical helm with eight arms emitting from the center. It features Algiz runes that are intersected by a number of Isa runes which combined likely means a hardening or victory or protection or the ability to overcome adversity.

Like all runes, Isa held cultural and likely spiritual significance, much of which has been lost over time, but remains a symbol of reflection, solidification, control, stillness, and endurance.

Isa's Correspondences

It should be noted that general correspondences are not mentioned in any Nordic text. Instead, these are a best guess based on experiences from both myself and others. In fact, most of these are of modern invention, pulling inspiration from Wicca. As with all correspondence lists, you can add and subtract based on your experiences.

• Upright Meaning: stasis, stillness, introspection, challenges, self-preservation, delay, focus, self-control, roadblocks, forced pause before rebirth, lack of change, stagnation, ego
• Reversed Meaning: None
• Letter: I
• Element: Water
• Zodiac: Sagittarius
• Planet: Moon
• Animal: reindeer, polar bear, penguin, moose, arctic fox
• Colors: white, light blue, black
• Deities: Freya, Skadi, Verdandi
• Plants: alder, henbane, lavender
• Crystals: chrysoberyl, milky quartz, clear quartz, moonstone, opal
  
  

How to Work with the Isa Rune

Incorporating runes into your magical practice can be incredibly rewarding and bring new energies to spells and rituals. But how exactly can you use Isa in your workings?

1. Use in spells to bind or bring stillness when things are getting out of hand.
2. Draw the Isa rune on your forehead in a calming anointing oil or visualize it to still your mind.
3. To stop gossip, write the gossip onto a piece of paper and draw the Isa rune over the top of it before placing it in water and freezing it.
4. Use in healing spells to help halt the spread of disease through the body.
5. Wear it as an amulet if you want a less emotional outlook on life or are prone to "overreacting."
6. To cool heated tempers, draw the rune in food or drinks and share it with whoever you are fighting with.
7. Draw the Isa rune into a piece of ice and place it on your tongue to still your words.
8. Draw the rune on a candle before performing shadow work to enhance reflection and concentration while keeping impulsive reactions at bay.
9. Use in love spells to cool things down or stop a relationship from continuing.
10. Visualize the Isa rune radiating around you and your home to create a barrier to slow things down when you feel overwhelmed or like time is flying by too quickly.
    
    

Isa's Meaning in Rune Spread

What does it mean if Isa appears in a rune spread? Isa holds various meanings depending on its position and relation to other runes in the spread. Like Jera, Isa has no reversed meaning. 

Below are some examples of how to interpret Isa when it's next to or near other runes:

• In proximity to Thurisaz suggests someone at work is trying to sabotage you.
• Next to a reverse Laguz can indicate infidelity in a relationship.
• Near Ehwaz means that there is nothing you can do to change the current course of events. Keep an eye on what you might be missing so you can see things clearly.
• Near Ansuz, the stasis or barrier you are currently facing will soon thaw.
• In proximity to Fehu suggests a pause or delay in a new venture, potential gain, or fulfillment of your ambitions.
• Next to a reverse Uruz or Wunjo indicates a period of falling out of love in a relationship and a growing distance between lovers.
• Near Raidho suggests a potential need to pause vacation or traveling plans or implies the need for more careful consideration and reflection before attempting to move forward with any plans.

Isa's Relationships with Other Runes

Isa generally opposes other runes in the Elder Futhark, particularly those with a positive meaning. When found with Wunjo, Ehwaz, or a reversed Uruz, it often points to a relationship cooling and potentially ending. You may experience coldness from your partner or a sense that the relationship is not moving to the next step. There is a disconnect or barrier preventing movement forward. When found with abundance runes such as Fehu or Jera, it can symbolize a freeze on wealth, abundance, or fertility or a potential barrier blocking your future success.

However, opposing the other runes does not suggest everything is all bad. Instead, Isa reminds us to pause and reflect. While we may or may not be able to do anything about the current path, we can still learn from it. Sometimes stillness is what is needed for things to correct themselves, and instead of pushing forward into further disaster, we should wait patiently for things to work themselves out. You have no idea what the Universe has planned for you, and often times you just need to take a step back and wait patiently for things to unfold.

Isa also reminds us to rest, even when we feel like we should continue pushing forward. Just because it opposes Uruz, the rune of health, strength, and vitality, doesn't necessarily mean sickness is on the horizon. Instead, it could mean that you need to rest and relax in order to maintain your health and well-being. Isa is not an inherently negative rune, despite how things may appear on the surface.

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Isa invites us to remember that caution, patience, rest, and reflection are necessary for growth and development. It's a reminder that good things come to those who wait. Below you will find a printable, cheat-sheet that includes a summary of all important information that you can incorporate into your Book of Shadows or Grimoire.

Click the image below to download your free cheat sheet for your Book of Shadows or Grimoire.

If you liked this post and would like to support future content, please consider leaving a small tip in the jar. 

A Complete Guide to Algiz, the Elk rune

We continue our runic study journey today by looking at Algiz (AHL-geez), the Elk rune. Algiz is the rune of protection, independence, and courage, characteristics I think we could all use right now in times of trial and turmoil. As someone deeply involved with spiritual activities, Algiz is a favorite of mine, often gracing my spells and altars for its magical properties.

As done in my previous article on Jera, today's post will include a deep dive into the runic poems, Algiz's cultural significance, its correspondences, how to work with it, its meaning in a spread, and its relationships with runes. Also included is a free printable for your Book of Shadows or Grimoire!

Algiz's Portrayal in the Rune Poems

Algiz ᛉ is the fifteenth rune and the seventh rune in the second ætt. Unlike other runes, Algiz does not appear in the Icelandic or Norwegian Rune Poems. However, as the Younger Futhark gradually replaced the Elder Futhark in the 8th century, Algiz became inverted and took on a new meaning, "Yr" meaning yew, which is associated with death and funerals. Yew is mentioned in the runes poems, but we generally associate it with Eihwaz instead. 

Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem

Eolh-secg eard hæfþ oftust on fenne 

wexeð on wature, wundaþ grimme, 

blode breneð beorna gehwylcne 

ðe him ænigne onfeng gedeþ.

Translation:

The Eolh-sedge (elk-sedge) is mostly to be found in a marsh; 

it grows in the water and makes a ghastly wound, 

covering with blood 

every warrior who touches it.

Despite its absence from the other rune poems, we can glean some information from the Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem. First, its association with the elk. In Norse mythology, the elk is a guardian, anticipating and defending against threats. The elk acts as a protective shield. Elk antlers were said to ward off evil and Algiz famously looks like antlers. In Grímnismál, the stag/elk Eikthyrnir is said to "stands in Valhall and bites from the limbs of the tree; and from his horns distils such abundant exudation that it comes down into Hvergelmir, and from thence fall those rivers called thus: Síd, Víd, Søkin, Eikin, Svöl, Gunnthrá, Fjörm, Fimbulthul, Gípul, Göpul, Gömul, Geirvimul." So not only is the elk a symbol of protection but also life and fertility, as water is a life-giver. As such, Algiz is a protector, divine shield, and bringer of life and abundance. 

The poem, however, warns against Algiz's darker side, saying that even the best of shields can fail and leave you hurting. Inverted, Algiz represents a lack of protection, change, and death, "covering with blood every warrior who touches it." This last line, however, could also be interpreted to mean strength and ferocity, that even when faced with death, the elk does not back down and fights until the very end. Algiz thus symbolizes perseverance and determination, even in tough times.

Being in the second ætt, Algiz is associated with Heimdal, the guardian of the Bifrost. All runes within the second ætt are symbolized by resilience, strength, survival, and the cyclical nature of life, and Algiz is no exception.

Algiz's Cultural Significance

Unlike other runes, Algiz has never been found to begin a word, instead being found only in the middle or end of words. As mentioned above, when the Younger Futhark began to replace the Elder Futhark, Algiz evolved into "Elox" or "x" and later into "Yr." This evolution is part of the reason the modern English alphabet ends in XYZ (Elox [x], Yr [y], Algiz [z]).

While its original name is lost to the annals of history, we do know it was frequently carved or painted onto wood or stone, particularly near areas known for their sacred healing. These areas were usually freshwater springs or other such water sources that were thought to be capable of healing, regeneration, and life.

A carved runic waystone, repainted to clearly show the Elder Futhark

Some have suggested Algiz may have been carved into weapons or onto shields for protection, but I could find no verifiable sources to corroborate this suggestion. Most Nordic weapons have severely deteriorated with time, leaving any inscriptions illegible. Despite the lack of evidence on weapons, Algiz is featured on the Golden Horns of Gallehus, two horns that were found in Denmark dating to the early 5th century. This would have been the beginning of the Germanic Iron Age. Unfortunately, the original horns were stolen and melted down in 1802 and in the late 18th century, the casts of the horns were also lost. However, 17th and 18th-century drawings have allowed us to replicate the horns, clearly showing Algic along the opening. What these horns were used for is unknown, but the inscription, which includes the Algiz rune is believed to say "I Hlewagastiz Holtijaz made the horn."

Drawing of the image panels of the smaller of the Gallehus Horns, projected onto a flat surface, by J.R. Paulli (1734), reprinted in H. Klingenberg (1973)

Its inverted use in the Younger Futhark, however, took root quickly during the World War II era, becoming known as "totenrune." Yes, I am speaking about Nazis and Germanic occultism here. It commonly appears on tombstones across several European countries to note birth year (upright) and death year (inverted). It was also used in obituaries, replacing the asterisk and cross symbols previously used, further connecting Algiz to the cycles of life and death. It was during this same time that Algiz became known as the "Life Rune."

By Grüne Minna – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0

It should be noted that Algiz has been co-opted by ecofascists and white supremacist groups. Ecofascist propaganda often depicts Algiz in natural landscapes, which seems harmless to the untrained eye. As a movement, however, ecofascists seek to challenge modernity and a return to the medieval while advocating and/or accepting violence in such a way as to reinforce existing systems of inequality. It is a form of environmentalism that suggests only certain people are entitled to control and enjoy nature and its resources, using words such as "native species" and "invasive" to describe different people groups. In 2005, environmental historian Michael E. Zimmerman defined "ecofascism" as "a totalitarian government that requires individuals to sacrifice their interests to the well-being of the 'land', understood as the splendid web of life, or the organic whole of nature, including peoples and their states".

Apart from ecofascism, white supremacist groups, including neo-Nazis, often use Algiz in their logos, propaganda, uniforms, flags, and other group materials. Some even tattoo the rune on their body. Often called the Life Rune, the Nazis used the rune in the SS's Lebensborn which encouraged SS troopers to have children out of wedlock with "Aryan" mothers and to kidnap "Aryan" children from nearby countries to raise as Germans. Neo-Nazis, wishing to continue with "tradition" included Algiz in their logo, re-popularizing it as a hate symbol.

As with all things, context matters. Algiz is not a racist or hateful symbol; it's simply one that has been co-opted by hate groups. Using it in your magical practice does not mean you support or agree with hate groups. However, it is important to recognize that Algiz is a dog whistle, especially when tattooed on someone's body, so I would avoid such uses and be mindful of its presentation.

Algiz's Correspondences

It should be noted that general correspondences are not mentioned in any Nordic text. Instead, these are a best guess based on experiences from both myself and others. In fact, most of these are of modern invention, pulling inspiration from Wicca. As with all correspondence lists, you can add and subtract based on your experiences.

• Upright Meaning: protection, defense, guardian, sanctuary, instinct, courage, independence, awakening, heightened intuition, internal strength, willpower, good health, life
• Reversed Meaning: warning, helplessness, vulnerability, challenges, exposure, unsupported, unhealthy, death
• Letter: Z
• Element: Air
• Zodiac: Cancer
• Planet: Jupiter
• Animal: elk, moose, swan
• Colors: gold
• Deities: Heimdall, the Valkyries
• Plants: elder, yew, sedge, rushes, angelica, marigold, rosemary
• Crystals: agate, amethyst, slate, aquamarine
  
  

How to Work with the Algiz Rune

Incorporating runes into your magical practice can be incredibly rewarding and bring new energies to spells and rituals. But how exactly can you use Algiz in your workings?

1. Create a protection amulet using the Algiz rune.
2. Draw an Algiz rune in a protection oil on your doors and windows or paint it on your walls (in the same color) to prevent negativity from entering your home.
3. Carve the Algiz rune into candles during protection magic and rituals.
4. Imagine the Algiz rune surrounding you and forming a protective energy shield around you.
5. Incorporate into bind runes for protection and strength.
6. Add to spells to ensure they endure and are long-lasting.
7. Draw on spray bottles filled with cleansing sprays to add protection.
8. Meditate on the Algiz rune as a symbol of strength, courage, life, and protection.
9. Use in spells to set boundaries.
10. Draw the Algiz rune on your face in moisturizer, sunscreen, or foundation to protect against anxiety and depression.
11. Use the Algiz rune to seek divine strength and intervention and call upon the Valkyries or Heimdall. 
12. Draw with a spoon or other cooking utensils in food for good health and inner strength.
13. Add to your altar during Winter Nights or Yule to ensure your family is protected during the darkest half of the year.

Algiz's Meaning in Rune Spread

What does it mean if Algiz appears in a rune spread? Algiz holds various meanings depending on its position and relation to other runes in the spread. When found upright in a spread, Algiz often means that the future will change for the better and you will be well supported by your family and friends. It could also symbolize that you are under divine protection, a guardian angel if you will, looking out for you, or that your own inner strength is enough to help you manifest your goals and desires. Spiritually, Algiz is a symbol of spiritual awakening and heightened intuition. It often represents becoming more attuned to one's inner self and encourages us to trust our instincts and continue to rely on our intuition.

Algiz can also act as a warning, especially when found in reverse, or indicate a vulnerability or weakness that needs to be addressed. Building defenses and shadow work are worthwhile pursuits. It can also represent sudden illness, mentally or physically, and that a change in course is required to avoid disaster. It's time to raise your defenses.

Below are some examples of how to interpret Algiz when it's next to or near other runes:

• Near Ingwaz, it could indicate a wedding
• Near Berkana, the family unit is strong, and partners are supportive
• Next to Uruz, it may indicate a person is aggressive and stubborn, wanting things to be their way
• In proximity to Ehwaz, it may indicate travel, particularly for work
• Near Thurisaz, sudden positive changes or shifts
• Next to Ansuz, it could suggest care should be taken when sharing information, so exercise caution
• Reversed and next to Raidho, may indicate you are on your own and the person you normally rely on will not be of assistance

Algiz's Relationships with Other Runes

Algiz, while positive, can complement other runes or be opposed by others depending on their placement. Algiz, when in its upright position, compliments Fehu, the rune of wealth, suggesting that your wealth and prosperity as well protected. It also compliments Thurisaz, another protective rune, suggesting you have both divine and personal protection as a deterrent against threats. When paired with Uruz, it can represent raw power and strength that manifests in a controlled and protective manner.

On the other hand, both Isa/Isaz and Hagalaz/Haglaz oppose Algiz. Isa represents ice, therefore suggesting that any protection you have may no longer exist and you are on your own. Action should be taken to rebuild your defenses and look for new allies. Hagalaz, which symbolizes obstacles and hindrances, suggests that strength is needed in the future and to fortify your defenses now.

***

Algiz invites us to remember that strength comes from within, and that the best form of protection is a well-laid plan. It's a reminder that we are divinely protected, but that all good things eventually must end. Below you will find a printable, cheat-sheet that includes a summary of all important information that you can incorporate into your Book of Shadows or Grimoire.

Click the image below to download your free cheat sheet for your Book of Shadows or Grimoire.

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A Complete Guide to Jera, the Harvest Rune

If you have been interested in the occult for any amount of time, you have probably heard about runes. The Elder Futhark and Younger Futhark runes are two ancient writing systems that were used by the Norse with each rune representing sounds, words, and ideas. Of the two systems, the Elder Futhark is the oldest (hence the name), dating back to somewhere between the 2nd and 8th century AD while the Younger Futhark was developed later between the 8th and 12th centuries AD. While the origins of the Elder Futhark are largely a mystery, it is believed to have been inspired by earlier Germanic and Celtic runic systems. According to the Hávamál, Odin discovered the runes after he hung from the world tree for nine days and nights while the Ynglinga Saga suggests Freyja taught Odin the runes. While these stories contradict each other, one thing is clear: After learning the runes, Odin passed down his wisdom to humankind.

The Elder Futhark is arranged into three sets of eight runes (called ættir) for a total of 24 runes. Each ætt is connected to a specific deity or concept which influences the meanings of the runes within the set. While many derive the meaning of the Elder Futhark runes from the Rune Poems, there is no poem for the Elder Futhark. It is presumed a poem once existed but has since been lost to time. By 800 CE, the Scandinavians reduced the number of runes to 16 while the Anglo-Saxons increased theirs to allow for new and different sounds to better accommodate their language. In any case, there are three different rune poems, Icelandic, Anglo-Saxon, and Norwegian, which are a recitation of the rune names and their kennings (associations/correspondences). It is believed these poems were used to aid in memorizing the runes and their meanings and acted as a way to easily transmit their lore through generations.

I'm not going to deep dive into the history of the Elder Futhark today as I will save that for a later post, but instead, focus on a single rune. Much like tarot, each rune has a specific meaning, but without all the context clues depicted on the cards. This can make runes a little more difficult to read and interpret without a firm understanding of the myth and culture surrounding the rune. Over the next several months, I will discuss each rune in detail, analyzing their portrayal in the Rune Poems, their cultural significance, modern correspondences, and modern ways to incorporate the runes into your magical practice. To kick off this series is Jera (Year-ah), the harvest rune.

Jera's Portrayal in the Rune Poems

Jera ᛃ is the twelfth rune and the fifth rune in the second ætt. It is composed of two Kenaz runes that are close together yet facing opposite directions representing opposing forces coming together. Jera appears in all three rune poems in very similar ways, suggesting it was used similarly across cultures.

Icelandic Rune Poem                                  Translation:

Ár er gumna góði                                          Ár- Plenty (Harvest)

ok gott sumar                                               Boon to men 

algróinn akr.                                                 and good summer 

annus allvaldr.                                             and thriving crops.

Anglo-Saxon Rune Poem                            Translation:

Ger byÞ gumena hiht, ðonne God læteþ,      Summer is a joy to men, when God,

halig heofones cyning, hrusan syllan           the holy King of Heaven,

beorhte bleda beornum ond ðearfum.         suffers the earth to bring forth shining fruits

                                                                     for rich and poor alike

Norwegian Rune Poem                               Translation:

Ár er gumna góðe                                        Harvest (or Plenty) is a boon to men; 

get ek at örr var Fróðe.                                I say that Frothi was generous.

From each of these three poems, a pattern emerges. First and foremost, Jera ᛃ is referred to as "Plenty" or "Harvest" depending on who translated the poems. This is where Jera gets its modern English name "Harvest" and why it's associated with abundance, fertility, and growth. However, Jera is also referred to as "Summer" in the Anglo-Saxon poem suggesting that Jera may be associated with multiple times of plenty throughout the year, leading others to translate it to "Year." (They do sound the same!) The symbol itself shows opposing forces, suggesting the cyclical nature of life and the eternal dance of the two halves of the year spinning forever on its axis. This lends to its association with beginnings and endings. But who is Frothi?    

According to the poem Grottasongr, Frothi the Wise was a ruler known for the peace during his reign. "...and because Frothi was the most powerful king in all the Northern lands, peace was named after him wherever the Danish tongue is spoken, and all people in the North call it “The Peace of Frothi.” As long as it lasted, no man harmed the other, even though he met the slayer of his father or of his brother, free or bound. At that time there was no thief or robber, so that a gold ring lay untouched for three years by the high road over the Jalangr-Heath." Frothi had a mill known as Grotti which was so large only the giants could turn it. When the mill was used it could produce wealth, peace, and happiness. Seeing Frothi referred to in the Norwegian Rune Poem is no surprise as he was associated with plenty, prosperity, and wealth, the same associations as Jera.

It's important to note that the Anglo-Saxon poem is heavily Christianized, hence the reference to God as the holy King of Heaven. Even so, God is known for his generosity (depending on what part of the Bible you are reading) and prosperity.

Jera's Cultural Significance

The Norse calendar divided the year into two halves: Summer and Winter. Each season lasted for six months and contained a number of celebrations, feasts, and blóts. This two-season calendar is represented by Jera and its two opposing halves. One half represents summer and the other winter, thus symbolizing the never-ending cycle of change and its association with the year as well as balance and harmony as both sides are equal in size.

Ancient Krogsta Runestone, Sweden

Being so far north, the Norse people would have experienced long harsh winters, often in total darkness. This meant bountiful harvests were incredibly important as one bad growing season could result in the death of entire communities. To ensure a plentiful harvest, sacrifices were made to the gods, particularly Freyr the god of fertility, abundance, and agriculture, to honor and thank them as well as petition their continued blessings. Harvests were a central part of Norse culture, making the Jera rune of particular cultural significance. Archeological evidence shows the Jera rune was potentially used in rituals and inscriptions, maybe even spells, to bring about a successful harvest to ensure the community's survival.

Jera's Correspondences

It should be noted that general correspondences are not mentioned in any Nordic text. Instead, these are a best guess based on experiences from both myself and others. In fact, most of these are of modern invention, pulling inspiration from Wicca. As with all correspondence lists, you can add and subtract based on your experiences.

• Upright Meaning: harvest, year, cycles, progress, conclusion, endings and beginnings, abundance, right action, patience, reward, development, productivity, completion
• Reversed Meaning: None
• Letter: J or Y
• Element: Earth
• Zodiac: Taurus, Sagittarius
• Planet: Jupiter
• Animal: eagle, ox
• Colors: brown, light blue, green
• Deities: Freyr, Freyja, Sif, Gefjun
• Plants: rosemary, oak, maple, hawthorn, honeysuckle, cornflower
• Crystals: chrysoprase, carnelian, emerald
  
  

How to Work with the Jera Rune

Incorporating runes into your magical practice can be incredibly rewarding and bring new energies to spells and rituals. But how exactly can you use Jera in your workings?

1. Place Jera on your altar during harvest festivals to ensure abundance.
2. Draw the Jera rune or include it in spells for fertility, abundance, prosperity, and wealth.
3. Place a Jera rune or draw it in a prosperity oil on your pantry door to ensure it is never empty.
4. Use it in spells for balance, self-improvement, or growth.
5. Meditate on the Jera rune for balance and harmony or to facilitate personal transformation.
6. Create an abundance talisman using the Jera rune.
7. If your household is experiencing turmoil, draw the Jera rune around your home to bring harmony and balance back to the space.
8. Wear as jewelry to promote peace, quiet, and harmony or to attract prosperity, wealth, and abundance.
9. Create bind runes to ensure a spell has balance or only brings positive results.
   
   

Jera's Meaning in Rune Spread

What does it mean if Jera appears in a rune spread? Jera holds various meanings depending on its position and relation to other runes in the spread. Jera may symbolize that your efforts are about to come to fruition, that the seeds you planted will soon bear fruit and abundance is on the horizon. But as with all things, don't count your chickens until they hatch. Your continued work is needed to bring your goals to fruition.

Jera could also represent that change is coming, and that you need to be prepared to change and evolve as well. Jera reminds us to adapt to new situations and that all things must come to an end in order for something new to begin. Many of us often fear change, but Jera reminds us that with change comes new abundances and opportunities.

Other times Jera may represent that balance is needed in your life. Its position to other runes or the question you have asked will guide you as to where you need to seek this balance, but know that it is needed and will require effort and perseverance. However, at the end of it all, you will be blessed. Jera is a joyous rune, so no matter its placement, know it is ultimately positive, even if it doesn't feel like it at the time.

Below are some examples of how to interpret Jera when it's next to or near other runes:

• Near Uruz, it could mean strength and perseverance are needed before transformation can occur
• Near Ingwaz, growth and success are on the way; your goals are about to be met
• Next to Dagaz, it may indicate patience is needed, but hope remains
• In proximity to Laguz, it may indicate renewal and hopes being realized
• Near Tiwaz, a fair and just resolution to a problem is on the horizon
• Next to Wunjo, a joyful outcome is coming at the end of a cycle

Jera's Relationships with Other Runes

Jera, while positive, can complement other runes or be opposed by others depending on their placement. Jera compliments both Fehu and Sowilo. Fehu is associated with wealth and material success so when paired together, it shows rewards are just over the horizon and arriving very soon, especially in regard to money. When paired with Sowilo, the rune representing the sun, it shows that your efforts are working and to continue on your pursuits, just as the sun warms and feeds the crops.

On the other hand, both Isa/Isaz and Hagalaz/Haglaz oppose Jera. Isa represents ice, therefore suggesting that any progress you have made is frozen or halting. Action should be taken to ensure success. Hagalaz, which symbolizes hail aka destruction, suggests that the beneficial outcomes purported by Jera are about to be destroyed all altogether or you are going to experience setbacks. Despite these runes opposing Jera, they don't necessarily mean bad things are coming. It could be that the course you originally thought was best, isn't and that while upheaval is coming, it's required for personal growth.

***

Jera invites us to remember that everything in life is fleeting, but through change, we can grow and experience new joys. It is a reminder that growth is a natural part of life and that everything must come to an end eventually. Below you will find a printable, cheat-sheet that includes a summary of all important information that you can incorporate into your Book of Shadows or Grimoire.

Click the image below to download your free cheat sheet for your Book of Shadows or Grimoire.

If you liked this post and would like to support future content, please consider leaving a small tip in the jar. 

Upright vs Reversed Runes

This marks the very end of our Rune Magic Series. Today I would like to briefly discuss upright and reversed runes. As I mentioned in my initial posts on the Futhark Runic Alphabet, runes can be upright or reversed. Reversed runes hold different meanings, usually the opposite of the upright position. However, not all runes can be reversed, so please be sure to check the list.

How can you tell if a rune is upright or reversed? Easy! 

That is really all there is to it.

So far I have cast my runes once regarding whether or not we were going to be financially stable in the next two years. This is very important to my husband and me as we wish to start a family before I am 30. The runes gave a promising answer. I am hopeful.

Thank you for tuning into the series. I hope you enjoyed it and if you have any further questions or have a topic you would like me to cover, please feel free to comment below or contact me via email!

Rune Casting Layouts Part 2

Welcome back to the Hedgewitch's Guide to Rune Magic mini series. Last time I posted six possible layouts you can use when casting runes. Today I would like to post the other six layouts I previously mentioned: the Runic Cross, Seven Rune Cast, Runic V, Nine Grid, Tree of Life, and Futhark Cast.

Remember, you can use one of the five methods I mentioned earlier or one of your own methods. Furthermore, you don't need to use a layout if you don't want to. These layouts are for more indepth answers. Some people simply draw a rune a day to gain insight. Use what you feel is best.

Runic Cross

Seven Rune Cast

Runic V

Nine Grid

Tree of Life

Futhark Layout

I know the Futhark layout is difficult to read in this post. Clicking on the image will enlarge it. It is also available on the free BOS page located at the bottom of the post.

Remember, this is not a comprehensive list, only what I have found through research so far. If you read your runes differently, please comment below. Do you use a layout not included in my list? In my last post in this series I will talk about how to recognize upright and inverted runes.

Want to print a copy of this for your Book of Shadows? Click below for your free copy!