Magical and Medicinal Uses of Water Lily

Gender: Feminine

Planet: Moon
Element: Water
Powers: Creation, Enlightenment, Hedge Riding, Love, Peace, Purity, Rebirth, Spiritual Connection, Wisdom

Magical Uses and History: The scientific name for water lilies, Nymphaea, is derived from the word "nymph," water spirits commonly found in Greek myths. This is a rather obvious reflection of the nature of water lilies, which commonly grow in bodies of water, their roots digging deep underground while their leaves or pads float to the surface. Often confused with the lotus, water lilies have a different history, folklore, and magical presence than the lotus.

In ancient Egypt, the water lily was highly regarded due to its unique nature. Like morning glories, Egyptian varieties of water lilies are nyctinastic, their flowers opening and closing due to temperature changes. They rise out of the water and bloom in the morning, but retreat back beneath the surface in the afternoon heat. This unique behavior led the Egyptians to associate water lilies, specifically blue water lilies, with the creation. According to the myth, a blue lotus flower arose from the primordial waters of Nun at the beginning of the world. Within was Nefertem, the physical manifestation of the first sunlight or sunrise. Sometimes referred to as "He Who is Beautiful" and "Water-Lily of the Sun," Nefertem is often depicted as a beautiful young man with blue water lilies adorning his head. In the Book of the Dead, Nefertem is referenced in a passage which says, "Rise like Nefertem from the blue water lily, to the nostrils of Ra, and come forth upon the horizon each day." Needless to say, the blue water lily symbolised creation, rebirth, and death, as well as the cyclical nature of sunrise and sunset. (What's even more interesting is recent fossilized remains of the earliest flowering plants are believed to be most closely related to modern-day water lilies, suggesting it really was there at the "beginning.")

Nefertem's myth doesn't end there, however. As the Sun God Ra suffered the effects of aging, Nefertem brought him a water lily flower. Ra smelled the flower and was instantly restored. As such, the scent of the water lily was believed to be restorative and protective, with numerous depictions of the flowers being held by gods and goddesses to the noses of pharaohs to ensure their long and ever-lasting reign. 

Furthermore, water lilies have been found in a great number of Egyptian tombs as potential offerings, as well as painted on walls and even on unguent jars. In these tomb paintings, the dead are often depicted smelling the flowers, which is believed to reference the restoration of the deceased's senses as they enter the underworld to await rebirth. During the mummification process, oil made from water lilies was used "to unite the limbs, join the bones and assemble the flesh" and reduce the smell of decay. Nefertem is said to have resided over this process as well, further associating him and the water lily with life, death, rebirth, and even perfume.

Similar myths of water lilies and rebirth are found in other cultures, more specifically among the Tupi-Guarani people of Brazil. According to their myth, the moon goddess Jaci was known to come in the night to kiss and light up the faces of beautiful young virgins. If she deemed them worthy enough, she would turn them into stars. Naiá, a young virgin, became obsessed with becoming a star, even after being warned that she would lose her flesh and blood in the process. Each night, Naiá roamed the mountains seeking out the moon, refusing to eat or sleep. One night, Naiá happened upon a lake, where she noticed the moon's reflection. Desperate for the moon's blessing, she dove into the water and drowned. Jaci turned her into a water lily, the "star of the waters," to reward her for the sacrifice and dedication. In Greek mythology, Chloris, the goddess of flowers, transforms a dying nymph into a beautiful flower, which some interpretations identify as a water lily. These myths, while certainly darker in nature, also show the water lily being a symbol of transformation and rebirth.

As such, water lilies can be used in spells and rituals related to creation, death, rebirth, and transformation. Place water lily flowers as offerings to your ancestors or creation/death deities. Use water lily oil to anoint candles or diffuse to inspire creativity and transformation. Add the petals to spell bags for similar purposes.

Because water lilies have roots deep below the water's surface and a blooming flower on the water's surface, water lilies are also thought to symbolize the connection between life and death or the world above and the world below. In ancient Maya, water lilies were often depicted being used in rituals and ceremonies, most likely as a psychotropic substance. It was also called "nikte'ha," meaning "vulva of the water," thus representing its connection with the divine, life, birth, and even fertility. In Egypt, the blue water lily was also used by spiritual leaders to induce trances. This tradition has been continued into modern day, with hedge witches, shamans, and other astral travelers using the petals to reach an altered state of consciousness. Diffusing water lily oil can help enhance psychic awareness and facilitate communication with the Otherworld.

Finally, the water lily has paradoxically been associated with both purity and lust. Certain varieties of water lilies act as a mild aphrodisiac and have been steeped in wine to induce lustful behavior. More often than not, however, the water lily is associated with purity and modesty. This likely arises from the fact that the water lily can emerge from the murky, muddy depths without a blemish, its flower petals untarnished by the dirt below. Water lilies are sometimes added to wedding bouquets to represent chastity and purity of the heart, as well as eloquence and grace. Their delicate fragrance was highly regarded throughout history and was said to temper earthly desires and temptations by reminding the imbiber to seek inner peace. Pliny the Elder even recorded water lilies being an antidote to love potions. As such, water lilies can be used in spells and rituals for purity as well as love. Use water lily perfume or oils in spells to enhance feelings of love and attraction or to aid during meditation. Water lilies can also be used in cleansing rituals and baths to purify and renew you or your space.

Water lily can be used in a number of spells, including:

      Divination

      Hedge Riding

      Purity Rituals

      Love Spells

      Rebirth Magic

      Death Magic

      Transformation Rituals

Medicinal Uses: When it comes to using water lilies in medicine, not all water lilies are created equal. Several varieties are toxic, while others, like the American white water lily (Nymphaea odorata), are perfectly safe. Please consult a licensed herbalist or your doctor before using water lily in your herbal practice. American white water lily contains tannins that help reduce inflammation and swelling and are antidiarrheal. Many varieties also contain nymphayol, an organic compound that stimulates the secretion of insulin and promotes the absorption of glucose, suggesting it is a useful treatment for diabetes. Nymphayol is also anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, and has been found useful in treating gastric ulcers. Water lilies are also hepatoprotective, thus helping promote healthy liver function. Water lily should not be taken by those who are taking pain relievers such as opioids, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and medications used to treat Alzheimer's, dementia, or Parkinson's. Water lilies should also be avoided by those who suffer from seizures.

Preparation and Dosage: To create an infusion, combine 1 tsp of powdered water lily root with 1.5 cups of water. Boil for 30 minutes before enjoying. Drink up to three times per day. As a tincture, take 0.5 milliliters up to three times a day. Water lily can also be used externally as a cream, poultice, or ointment to treat minor swelling, bruising, or pain.

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Magical and Medicinal Uses of Butterfly Pea

Gender: Feminine

Planet: Venus
Element: Water
Powers: Clarity, Fertility, Healing, Love, Lust, Peace, Purity

Magical Uses and History: The butterfly pea, a vibrant blue-flowering plant native to Southeast Asia, has long held cultural, medicinal, and magical significance, particularly in India, Thailand, and Malaysia. The earliest known mention of its uses comes from ancient Ayurvedic texts, where it is referred to as Shankhpushpi or Aparajita. In these texts, butterfly pea is mentioned as enhancing memory, promoting cognitive function, and reducing stress. It was used in similar ways across the continent, making it the perfect addition to spells and rituals related to memory, stress relief, and cognitive function. Drink as a tea to during studying or while working on a difficult assignment. Add the flowers to memory spell bags or jars, burn as an incense, or place near your bed to help you remember your dreams. It can also be used to bring balance and harmony due to its tranquilizing properties. As such, add it to spells and rituals to bring balance and harmony, soothe tempers, and promote overall well-being.

Across the continent in China, butterfly pea is associated with love, lust, and sex, particularly for people with female genitalia, due to the flower's uncanny resemblance to a vulva. It's due to this appearance that Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus assigned butterfly pea to the genus Clitoria, a somewhat controversial name. Needless to say, butterfly pea is often believed to support feminine health and wellbeing and promote fertility. This makes butterfly pea flowers perfect for spells related to feminine health and wellness, fertility, love, lust, and sex. Add to teas with roses and cinnamon to draw love to you, use in ritual baths to increase lust, or add to spell bags and bottles for similar purposes.

Apart from its uses in healing and love spells, butterfly pea is also associated with protection, purity, and clarity. In Hinduism, the butterfly pea is sacred to the goddess Durga and is often used in prayers as a symbol of purity and spiritual clarity. The name Aparajita is derived from the word "Aparjeo," which means undefeated. As such, butterfly pea flowers can be used in spells and rituals for protection and to connect with the divine. Burn as an incense to open your mind to communicate with the divine, add to altars as an offering, or hang in your home for protection.

Butterfly pea's vibrant color is also believed to symbolize good fortune and prosperity. In Hinduism, butterfly pea is offered to the Shivling on Mondays and Saturdays to ensure the family never suffers from a shortage of money, while it's given to Lord Hanuman on Tuesdays to ensure continued wealth and prosperity. In Thailand, drinks and desserts made from butterfly pea are often served to bring the newlyweds good luck and prosperity. Add butterfly pea to spells and rituals to promote wealth, money, and prosperity.

Butterfly pea can be used in a number of spells, including:

   Protection Spells

   Healing Magic

   Prosperity Rituals

   Love Spells

   Sex Magic

   Peace Magic

Medicinal Uses: Butterfly pea is rich in anthocyanins, an antioxidant known to reduce free radicals and protect against cellular damage. It could potentially lower one's risk for chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer, slow down the aging process, and support overall immune health. Due to high concentrations of acetylcholine, butterfly pea is often used to improve memory retention and recall, enhance focus, and reduce the risk of cognitive decline. It's also used to relieve stress, enhance mood, and promote sleep. Some studies also suggest butterfly pea may help regulate blood sugar levels and, therefore, can be used to help prevent diabetes in high-risk individuals.

Preparation and Dosage: As an infusion, combine 1 teaspoon butterfly pea flowers with 1 cup of boiling water. Allow the infusion to steep for 5 minutes. Drink up to 3 times a day. As a tincture, take 1-2 milliliters up to 3 times a day. Butterfly pea can also be used in salves to decrease signs of aging.

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Magical and Medicinal Uses of Dragon's Blood

Gender: Masculine
Planet: Mars
Element: Fire
Powers: Exorcism, Healing, Love, Protection, Purification

Magical Uses and History: Despite its name, dragon's blood is a resin commonly harvested from trees such as Daemonorops draco, Dracaena cinnabar, Dracaena draco, and Croton lechleri. Each variety has slightly different chemical and aromatic properties, but all share the characteristic crimson hue and are, therefore, used interchangeably in spiritual practices.

One of the earliest mentions of dragon's blood dates back to the 1st century, where it is noted in Periplus Maris Erythraei as a product of Socotra, a large trading center. Dragon's blood was used as a dye and paint pigment, as well as medicine. Traditionally, dragon's blood was used to cure a variety of respiratory and gastrointestinal problems as well as to treat minor wounds and abrasions across the world. The Greeks and Romans used it to halt bleeding and promote coagulation, and later as an astringent, a practice shared by those across Asia and Central America. In Traditional Chinese Medicine, it is believed to promote circulation and stop bleeding while warding off evil spirits. It continued to be used well into the medieval and Renaissance periods, its name and historical uses being the subject of significant debates. 

Around 50-80 AD, Pliny and Dioscorides refer to a cure-all known as cinnabaris or cinnabar. According to Pliny, cinnabar was the product of elephants and dragons fighting to the death and their blood mingling. It wasn't until the late 1400s that anyone sought to question Pliny's description, with multiple naturalists, physicians, and botanists arguing over what cinnabar actually was. Today, modern translations believe cinnabar is a reference to the tree Dracaena cinnabar, the Socotra dragon tree, which produces dragon's blood resin. According to Greek myth, the tree originated from the blood of the dragon Ladon, who was slain by Hercules. Upon the dragon's death, the blood seeped into the ground, resulting in the dragon tree being born. Needless to say, dragon's blood is perfect for spells and rituals involving healing and protection. Sprinkle around your home, burn as incense, or add to protection spell bags to create a protective barrier and promote health and well-being. Dragon's blood can also be added to oils to anoint candles, entryways, or yourself for similar purposes.

Due to its red color and its association with dragons, dragon's blood is also believed to enhance personal power and amplify one's magic. It can easily be added to spells and rituals to boost the energy of the spell as well as the energy of other ingredients within the spell or ritual. Because of its ability to amplify, dragon's blood is the perfect resin to use when consecrating ritual items, invoking spirits, or awakening spell ingredients and tools.

Apart from its use in medicine, dragon's blood was highly sought after as a dye and pigment for paint. It was used to stain furniture and violins, to create paint, and even in photoengraving. As a result, dragon's blood makes a great magical ink to write spells with or to use in your grimoire. It can also be used as a blood substitute due to its rich hue.

Dragon's blood can be used in a number of spells, including:

   Protection Spells

   Healing Magic

   Purification Rituals

Medicinal Uses: Dragon's blood is derived from multiple tree species, but Dracaena cochinchinesis and Daemonorops draco are the most commonly used in medicinal applications, although all varieties have been found to be generally safe. Dragon's blood is antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, providing protection against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Studies have shown promising results in dragon's blood use for treating topical ulcers due to conditions such as herpes, as well as minor wounds and cuts. Internally, dragon's blood is antidiarrheal and is sometimes used to treat diarrhea or dysentery.

Preparation and Dosage: Externally, dragon's blood can be used as an ointment or a diluted tincture to treat ulcers and minor skin abrasions. To dilute, combine 3 to 5 drops of dragon's blood tincture with one ounce of water. Rinse the ulcer or wound up to three times a day. As a tincture, take 1 milliliter with 2 ounces of water or juice up to three times a day. 

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Magical and Medicinal Uses of Rowan

Gender: Masculine
Planet: Sun
Element: Fire
Powers: Death, Healing, Perseverance, Protection, Psychic Powers, Strength

Magical Uses and History: Commonly known as Mountain Ash, Rowan has long been associated with witches, both as a tool of witches and as a defense against them. In order to fully understand where these properties arose from, we need to look no further than rowan's many names.

The name rowan is derived from the Scandinavian rauðr, meaning "red", and likely originates from Viking settlements in Scotland and northern England. This name refers to the bright red berries characteristic of rowan trees. Archaeological evidence suggests red was associated with protection and was often used in ceremonial burials, paintings, and even religious artifacts like the rosary. Furthermore, the berries feature a five-pointed star or pentagram, a well-known symbol of protection. The berries alone denote powerful protective properties, and as such, the berries and branches were often used in protection rites, rituals, and spells.

Rowan trees are often found near ancient burial sites, and are thought to provide protection against spirits of the dead. Rowan sprigs and berries were often worn or carried as protection, and even tied to livestock for the same purpose. Archaeological evidence suggests loops and crosses of rowan may have been hung in homes, especially above entryways, to protect against evil, negativity, and witches. In Celtic countries, rowan was commonly used to stir milk to protect it from curdling. There is even an old rhyme which states, "Rowan tree and red thread, Make the witches tine their speed." This suggests that rowan, in conjunction with the color red, protected against witches and would slow them down. They were so favored that it was frowned upon to cut down rowan trees, and removing one from your property was to invite bad luck. In many Celtic cultures, they were so revered that sprigs and berries could only be harvested using specific ritual tools and ceremony. In Norse mythology, it is the rowan that saves Thor from a fast-flowing river. All of these myths, folklore, and uses confirm that rowan is a powerful protector and can be used in rituals and spells for that purpose. Carry rowan on your person or in your car to ensure safe passage. Hang above doors and windows to prevent unwanted entries and negativity from entering your home. Use in spells and rituals to protect against curses or even break them, or prevent another witch from finding you. Include the berries and leaves in protection bags and spell jars. I have added 3 rowan berries to my hedge riding sachet to keep me safe while traveling to the Otherworld. Its uses in protection magic are truly endless.

Outside of Celtic countries, the rowan was also highly favored for its magical properties. In Greek mythology, Hebe, the goddess of youth, had her magical chalice stolen. The gods sent an eagle to retrieve it, and in the process, it was injured. Wherever its blood was spilled, rowan trees arose, which is said to explain its feather-like leaves and red berries. As such, the rowan is associated with blood, strength, and perseverance, and therefore can be used in spells and rituals for the same purpose.

In many countries, particularly in Scandinavia, the rowan is known as mountain ash because it commonly grows in craggy areas and in the most unlikely of places. It thrives in a wide range of zones, from 3-7, surviving the harshest of climates. As such, the rowan is associated with perseverance and strength. This makes rowan the perfect addition to spells requiring perseverance, allowing it to last longer and under harsher conditions than the spell normally would. The berries, leaves, and bark can strengthen the spell and ensure the best outcome while simultaneously protecting against backlash.

Finally, rowan is often associated with psychic powers and divination. This most likely arises from its use in making rune staves among the Norse. Use rowan branches to create your own runes or add the leaves to divination incense to increase your psychic awareness. It also makes the perfect incense to use during hedge riding or other astral travel. 

There is so much folklore surrounding rowan that it is impossible to include it all here. I highly recommend checking out the many resources detailing its uses across multiple cultures to add to the information found here.

Rowan can be used in a number of spells, including:

   Protection Spells

   Strength Spells

   Divination

Medicinal Uses: Wild rowan berries contain parascorbic acid, making them mildly toxic when consumed raw. In high enough quantities, especially in children, consumption can result in death. Their toxicity, however, is why rowan berries were often used as a laxative, as they induce diarrhea and vomiting. Modern varieties of rowan, however, have been bred to be more edible, and heating wild rowan berries turns parascorbic acid into sorbic acid, rendering it harmless. In folk medicine, rowan berries were commonly used to treat gout, digestive issues, menstrual cramps, and kidney disease. However, there is no current research to support these uses, and in many cases, wrongfully prepared berries can result in furthering these diseases. If you plan to use rowan berries in your herbal medicine practice, I highly recommend consulting with a licensed herbalist first.

Preparation and Dosage: To create a rowan berry infusion, combine 1 cup boiling water with 1 tablespoon dried rowan berries. Allow the mixture to infuse for 15 minutes. Drink up to three times a day. As a tincture, take 1 milliliter up to 3 times a day. Again, proceed with caution as rowan berries in high amounts can cause digestive upset, diarrhea, vomiting, kidney failure, and even death. 

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Magical and Medicinal Uses of Cumin

Gender: Masculine
Planet: Mars
Element: Fire
Powers: Anti-theft, Death, Exorcism, Fidelity, Healing, Love, Lust, Money, Protection

Magical Uses and History: Cumin, like most spices, has a long and rich history of being used in magic and medicine. While we cannot be certain exactly where cumin originated, it is believed to have come from Central Asia, Southwestern Asia, or the Eastern Mediterranean based on historical documents and archeological findings. 

For the Minoans of Ancient Crete, cumin was important enough that royal stores were precisely documented, which, coupled with traces of cumin found in ancient cooking pots, suggests it was prized for its culinary uses and potentially its healing properties. While cheaper than black pepper, cumin was still expensive, expensive enough that it was often used to pay debts. References to it as a currency show up in the Bible where it appears briefly in Matthew 23:23, which reads, "...For ye pay tithe of mint and anise and cummin..." Later, a pound of cumin could be used in Medieval England to pay rent for a year's tenancy, which apparently continued for quite some time before falling out of style as the price of the spice decreased. Cumin's association with money is also seen in Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius's nickname  "cumin splitter," which referenced his fastidiousness and economical nature. He was known for calling out the improper use of pubic funds and carefully scrutinizing the use of all resources to ensure they were not being wasted. Its value and use of currency associates cumin with money and therefore can be used in spells and rituals for money or even used as a money substitute in spells.

While priced for its culinary uses, cumin was also commonly used to treat a variety of ailments. Ancient Egyptians used it for gastrointestinal issues ranging from stomach upset and nausea to ridding of intestinal parasites. It was also used in mouth rinses and even ear instillations to treat ear infections. Pliny the Elder recommended cumin not only for its "fastidious taste" but also for its ability to treat stomach aches. Like the Egyptians, Pliny suggested mixing crushed cumin with water to create a tonic. According to ancient Ayurvedic texts, cumin was used for similar purposes, but also to enhance appetite, digestion, and lactation. By the Medieval period, healers were mixing it with wine and calling it a cure-all! Needless to say, cumin was well known for its healing abilities, making it the perfect addition to healing spells and rituals, particularly those related to gastrointestinal issues.

According to the Greeks, cumin symbolizes excessive desire, while later folklore suggests that cumin "conferred the gift of retention," aka faithfulness. During the Middle Ages, Europeans used cumin in recipes to keep lovers faithful. Cumin cakes were often given to lovers before they left for an extended period of time to keep them faithful and ensure a safe return. It was also carried by brides and grooms on their wedding day to ensure a happy, faithful marriage. However, it wasn't just retention of a partner that cumin was used for. It was also used to entrap burglars by placing cumin within valuable objects and feeding it to livestock, particularly birds, to prevent them from wandering away. Apart from ensuring fidelity, cumin was also added to wine and foods to inspire lust. This is most likely due to its warming properties and it being a mild aphrodisiac. As such, cumin can be used in spells and rituals for love, lust, fidelity, and retention. Add cumin to spell jars to protect against theft or loss, add to recipes to induce love and ensure fidelity, keep under your bed or in a spell bag in the bedroom to inspire lust and keep a partner faithful, or burn in similar spells.

Its healing properties, coupled with its ability to retain, also lend to its use in protection spells and rituals across cultures, as well as its use in hex/curse breaking and exorcisms. In ancient Egypt, cumin was often used in the mummification process, not only to help with the process but also to protect those who had been mummified, especially from grave robbers. In Germany and Italy, cumin was added to bread to keep spirits and the fae from stealing it. In other places, cumin was burned for protection or scattered around the home to drive out evil and protect against witches. As such, cumin can be used in spells and rituals for protection and hex breaking. It can be burned as an incense, crushed and rolled into spell candles, added to spell bags and jars, mixed with water, vinegar, or alcohol to create a cleansing spray, carried on your person to ward off evil and bad luck, or even hidden in expensive belongings to ensure their safety. 

Cumin can be used in a number of spells, including:

   Hex Breaking

   Love Spells

   Lust Magic

   Protection Magic

   Healing Spells

   Exorcisms

Medicinal Uses: Cumin, like other warming spices, is naturally anti-inflammatory, high in antioxidants, anti-diabetic, antibacterial, and nephroprotective, which makes it great for promoting digestion, reducing the risk of food-borne illness, improving blood sugar, reducing cholesterol levels, and promoting weight loss. As an anti-inflammatory, studies show that cumin can suppress the NF-KB signaling pathway, which reduces the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, thus lowering inflammation. As a nephroprotective, cumin helps protect the kidneys from damage by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. Furthermore, cumin helps stimulate digestive enzymes and bile production, aiding in the breakdown and absorption of food. This makes it the perfect herb to combat indigestion, nausea, morning sickness, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea, and other gastrointestinal issues.

Preparation and Dosage: To create an infusion, combine 1/2 teaspoon crushed cumin seeds with 1 cup water and bring to a boil. Reduce to a simmer and allow the infusion to simmer for 5 minutes before removing from the heat and allowing to cool to a drinkable temperature. Strain and drink up to three times a day. Cumin seeds can also be chewed directly for relief. As a tincture, take 1 milliliter up to 4 times a day.

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*You may notice there is a new design. This is because I lost access to Photoshop when I upgraded my computer, and I am now relying on Canva. From here on out, all printables will be made in Canva and will have the design seen above. I did my best to replicate exactly what I created before, so theme-wise it should work well with my other printables and not take away from the aesthetic. 

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Magical and Medicinal Uses of Nutmeg

Gender: Masculine
Planet: Jupiter
Element: Fire
Powers: Fidelity, Health, Love, Luck, Money, Wealth

Magical Uses and History: Nutmeg derives its name from the Latin "nux," meaning nut and "muscus," meaning musk, an ode to its unique and unforgettable aroma. Endemic to a chain of islands off the coast of Indonesia known as the Banda Islands, nutmeg has a long and bloody history as it was one of the most valuable spices harvested and traded during the height of the spice trade. Around the 1400s, Arabian-Persian merchants happened upon the island chain by chance but were pleasantly surprised to find not only nutmeg but also mace and cloves, spices the Western world had previously never seen. These merchants immediately began exporting said spices to Europe, where they surged in popularity. All three spices were new and exotic, and nutmeg soon became prized not only for its flavor and aroma but also for its medicinal properties. 

During the outbreak of the bubonic plague, it was believed nutmeg was a potential cure and preventative. It was often placed into the beaks of plague masks to purify the air and mask the smell of death. This tradition has carried over into modern "Theives" blends, which are said to be based on remedies used during this time. Not only was it used to cure and prevent the plague, but also gas and chronic indigestion, especially among women who were said to carry nutmeg and a grater in their pocket to grate over their food or drink as a carminative. Ornate silver boxes were commonly used to store this valuable spice within the voluminous skirts and petticoats of the elite, while smaller wooden boxes were used by the poorer classes for the same purpose. These boxes were roughly an inch or two in height and large enough to store a full-sized nutmeg and a small grater. It was also used to prevent sore throats, scarlet fever, ailments of the spleen, headaches, fevers, bad breath, and even hemorrhoids. As such, nutmeg became well known for its potential medicinal properties and is therefore often magically associated with health and wellness. Add it to spells and rituals for health and wellness. Burn it as an incense or use it in an oil diffuser in the room of the sick to promote healing or add to food for the same purpose. Carry on your person to prevent illness or hang in your home to protect your family. Amy Blackthorn suggests drawing a circle in nutmeg essential oil around a family photo to prevent disease and illness from infecting your family.

Nutmeg's history, however, was not all sunshine and rainbows. In the 17th century, the Dutch set sail to the "Spice Islands" where they proceeded to torture, genocide, and enslave the people indigenous to the Banda Islands to take control of nutmeg production and took every step imaginable to ensure no other countries or traders were able to get their hands on nutmeg seeds, even going so far as to sabotage seed stores. For nearly 200 years, the Dutch controlled the trade of nutmeg, inflating prices by hoarding large amounts in warehouses to control distribution or even setting fire to any surplus to keep demand high. Wooden replicas were sometimes added to batches of nutmeg to dupe customers, thus keeping prices high and distribution low. These inflated prices meant nutmeg became less and less available to the poor as a potential spice, leaving only the wealthy to enjoy its culinary and medicinal uses. As such, nutmeg became associated with money and wealth and can be used in spells and rituals for such purposes. Annoint money, wallets, or cash registers, sprinkle on green candles, burn as an incense, or diffuse as an essential oil to attract money and wealth, or place an entire nutmeg in your cash register or kitchen for the same purpose. Hollowed-out nutmeg can also be used to make charms for the same purpose.

While most of nutmeg's folklore consists of its uses for health and wealth, a select few regions viewed nutmeg as a good luck charm. In 1147, Saint Hildegard wrote that obtaining a nutmeg at the New Year and carrying it in your pocket would prevent you from all sorts of ill-luck, such as breaking even the smallest of bones. This belief remained popular well into the twentieth century and even later in some rural areas, thus linking nutmeg with luck. Some report that hollowing nutmeg, filling it with mercury, sealing it in wax, and wrapping it in a green cloth will bring you luck in games of chance, while Cunningham suggests creating a good luck necklace of nutmeg, star anise, and tonka beans. Either way, there are plenty of ways to include nutmeg in luck magic.

Due to its warming nature, nutmeg is also associated with love and fidelity. During the 16th century, a monk apparently praised it for its ability to stimulate the male anatomy, much like modern-day Viagra. It was sometimes added to food and drinks to stimulate arousal or attract a lover. There are a host of spells and rituals across multiple cultures detailing nutmeg's use in attracting and keeping a lover. In Zanzibar, women supposedly grate fresh nutmeg into their porridge in anticipation of their wedding night. An old Creole spell says that sprinkling nutmeg on someone's left shoe at midnight for seven straight days will drive them mad with love or keep them faithful. Most sources state this is specifically to encourage a woman to fall in love with you, but I can see of no reason it wouldn't work on others as well. According to Cunningham, to ensure your partner's fidelity, you can cut nutmeg into four pieces, then bury one, throw one off a cliff, burn the third, and boil the fourth. Sip the nutmeg infusion and carry the boiled nutmeg with you so no one will tempt your lover. As such, add nutmeg to food, spells, and rituals to promote love and fidelity.

Nutmeg can be used in a number of spells, including:

   Love Spells

   Fidelity Spells

   Protection Magic

   Wealth Magic

   Prosperity Spells

   Luck Magic

   Healing Spells

Medicinal Uses: Nutmeg is naturally rich in antioxidants, which helps prevent signs of aging and can prevent such diseases as cancer, heart disease, and liver disease. It is also naturally antibacterial and can be used to treat bad breath, inflamed gums, tooth decay, and gingivitis. As a stimulant and carminative, nutmeg stimulates the gastrointestinal tract, alleviating symptoms of gas, colic, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. However, nutmeg is considered an abortifacient in high dosages and, therefore, should not be consumed in large amounts by those who are pregnant or wishing to become pregnant. Some suggest nutmeg can be used to induce hallucinations as it contains myristicin, a psychoactive substance. However, nutmeg only contains trace amounts of myristicin, and nutmeg poisoning is more likely to occur than a psychological trip in large enough doses. As such, avoid the use of nutmeg in large amounts. It is recommended to use no more than 1/2 teaspoon of nutmeg every 12 hours to prevent poisoning in adults and no more than 1/8 teaspoon for children over the age of 3.

Preparation and Dosage: To create an infusion (for adults), combine 1/2 teaspoon ground nutmeg with 1 cup of boiling water. Allow the mixture to steep for 15 minutes before drinking. Drink up to twice a day or once every 12 hours. As a tincture, take 20-30 drops up to 4 times per day. Nutmeg can also be used topically as an oil or cream to reduce soreness and inflammation.

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*You may notice there is a new design. This is because I lost access to Photoshop when I upgraded my computer, and I am now relying on Canva. From here on out, all printables will be made in Canva and will have the design seen above. I did my best to replicate exactly what I created before, so theme-wise it should work well with my other printables and not take away from the aesthetic. 

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Magical and Medicinal Uses of Borage

Gender: Masculine
Planet: Jupiter
Element: Air
Powers: Courage, Joy, Happiness, Protection

Magical Uses and History: Often referred to as starflower for its bright blue, star-shaped flowers, borage is often viewed as the flower of courage and happiness. Where exactly it gets its name is up for debate, but some suggest it comes from the Celtic borrach meaning "courage" or possibly from the Latin borra meaning "rough-hairy." 

While absent from most classical and modern pharmacognosy, borage does appear in some ancient writings from Greece, particularly Dioscorides and Pliny. Both of these references are rather generic and vague, leaving us to guess as to what plant they were talking about. In both texts, borage is referred to as bouglōsson meaning "ox tongue" and is said to bring cheerfulness when added to wine. Pliny also believed borage to be the Nepenthe referenced in Homer's Odyssey which induced absolute forgetfulness when infused in wine. This was done not out of malice, but to wipe away the fears, stresses, and concerns so happiness and joy could take root. Pliny called this mixture Euphrosynum after Euphrosyne, the Greek goddess of joy. This is corroborated by more contemporary courses which also cite borage as having a euphoric effect. The eleventh-century School of Salerno states that borage "warms the heart and brings good cheer." which is further supported by Burton in his Anatomy of Melancholy, Herard, and Culpepper, who all write borage leaves are useful against melancholy and help bring joy. Culpepper, in particular, suggested taking borage as "candied or jellies flowers" which I believe would make anyone cheerful. Modern research indicates that borage does in fact uplift one's spirits by stimulating adrenaline production, acting as a natural antidepressant. As such, borage can be used in spells, rituals, and recipes to fight depression and anxiety while bringing joy and cheer. Carry fresh blossoms to stimulate happiness, burn as incense to bring joy, add to spells for happiness, or drink as tea for the same purpose.

Apart from bringing cheerfulness, borage has also long been used to induce courage. In Rome, borage flowers were eaten by soldiers before they went into battle, while Crusaders floated the flowers in their stirrup cups and Medieval knights wore scarves embroidered with borage flowers for the same reason. Sometimes the flowers were added to wine or beer to induce courage (liquid courage anyone?). According to an old English adage, ‘Sow Borage, sow courage’. As mentioned earlier, borage may get its name from the Celtic borrach meaning "courage." The Druids considered borage sacred and used it to consecrate weapons before battle to promote courage and strength of will. In Floriography, borage is the symbol of emotional fortitude, while in Victorian flower language, borage is said to mean blunt or rough-mannered. Robert Tyas suggests that a person under the influence of "warming cordial" may well be given the courage that leads to brusque or inappropriate comments. Some sources state borage was brewed as a tea and given to someone you wanted to marry to give them the courage to propose! As such, borage can be added to spells, rituals, and remedies for courage and strength. Wear it in your buttonhole, drink it as tea or mull it in wine, burn it as incense, or add it to spell bags for courage, strength, conviction, and protection. 

When combined with its ability to bring joy, borage is particularly useful in times of great stress, turmoil, or upset. It makes a perfect ally for the darker part of the year and is a favorite among spiritual activists.

Borage can be used in a number of spells including:

   Happiness Spells

   Courage Spells

   Protection Magic

Medicinal Uses: The dried leaves of borage are commonly used as a restorative agent for the adrenal cortex after exposure to steroids or cortisone to reduce stress both internally and externally. Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, borage is also used to treat conditions such as pleurisy. Therefore, borage is often used to treat coughs, asthma, bronchitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The seeds and leaves can also be used to stimulate the flow of milk in nursing mothers. Borage seed oil is naturally high in omega-6 fatty acids and gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA), which is essential to maintaining skin health and barrier function. As such, it's often used to treat skin conditions such as eczema and dermatitis.

Preparation and Dosage: To create an infusion, combine one cup of boiling water with 2 teaspoons of dried borage. Let the mixture infuse for 10-15 minutes. Drink up to three times a day. As a tincture, take 1-4 milliliters up to three times a day.

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Magical and Medicinal Uses of Dill

Gender: Masculine
Planet: Mercury
Element: Fire
Powers: Lust, Love, Money, Protection

Magical Uses and History: Sometimes referred to as "the magician's herb," dill has long been used in magic for a variety of purposes, most often protection. Its speculated its protective properties are due to its strong smell. In Ancient Rome, gladiators would sometimes rub dill over their bodies prior to engaging in mortal combat to ensure the user would make it out alive. It was also often added to their food to inspire courage and valor, as well as for protection against bodily harm. During the Medieval period, the saying, "Therewith her Vervain and her Dill, That hindereth witches of their will." became popular, especially among magicians who prescribed it to treat curses and protect against witchcraft. This led to numerous protection spells against witches over the centuries. It is said that drinking a cup of dill water reverses a witch's spell while placing it above the door or windows to prevent evil from entering. It was also placed under cribs to protect children and even carried on a person to prevent harm from befalling the bearer. In Germany, it was hung above the door to prevent envious people from entering your home and therefore bringing negativity and ill will inside with them. In other regions, dill was nailed to a door to trap ill-disposed individuals or negativity inside a dwelling. As such, dill makes an excellent addition to spells not only for protection but also to trap negative energy into a place or object. The Polish commonly used dill to defend against and even vanquish nightmares, further adding to dill's laundry list of protective uses. In addition to the aforementioned uses, you can also add dill to protection spells by anointing candles in dill oil or rolling them in dried dill, adding it to protection sachets, burning it as an incense, or using it in a protection bath tea. The seeds can also be placed in a sachet or pouch and worn over the heart to protect against the Evil Eye or the seeds can be scattered around your home for the same purpose.

Apart from its abundant protective uses, dill is also associated with lust and love. Dill is a mild aphrodisiac and has been used for such purposes since the time of the ancient Egyptians. Ancient Egyptians used dill oil to enhance arousal and sexual desire while later in Germany and Belgium, dill was added to wedding bouquets or affixed to wedding dresses to ensure a loving and happy marriage. However, some brides would combine both mustard and dill seeds not only to ensure a happy marriage but also to ensure the wife's dominance. The seeds were hidden within the bride's dress while she said, "I have you, mustard and dill, Husband, when I speak, you stay still." Honestly, I love this for women because historically they held very little power in society, at least on the surface. On the other hand, the ancient Greeks called dill "Herme's Semen," due to its prolific nature and abundance of seeds, and is therefore deeply associated with fertility and lust. As such, dill leaves and seeds can be used in spells and rituals to attract a lover, induce lust, ensure a happy marriage, or to ensure your spells or actions are fruitful. Bathing in dill oil or water is said to make the bather irresistible, and supposedly can turn platonic love into passion.

Its abundance of seeds also connects dill with wealth and prosperity. Carry dill seeds in your purse, wallet, or cash register to ensure you will always have plenty of money, keep a pouch of dill seeds in your pantry so your family will never go without, or add to any spells and rituals to attract wealth, abundance, and prosperity to your life. Contrary to this belief, European monks believed dill had the opposite effect, reducing fertility and hindering lust. They believed dill's potent smell could drive away incubuses who preyed on sleeping women and prevent them from becoming pregnant with a demon's baby. If you ascribe to such beliefs, add dill to spells to ward off sexual advances or prevent others from being fruitful in their endeavors.

Finally, dill derives its name from the Norse dilla or dylla meaning "lull" or "soothe." This is most commonly attributed to dill's ability to treat cramps, stomach upset, and flatulence, especially among children. Dill is sometimes called the "meetinghouse seed" as it was chewed not only by adults to keep them awake, but by babies and children to prevent them from crying, either from colic or hunger. "Gripe water," which is made from dill seeds, was also commonly given to children or adults suffering from stomach upset to reduce stomach cramps and flatulence and ensure a restful night's sleep. As such, dill can be added to spells to soothe a situation or bring calm and quiet to the home after a major upset.

Dill can be used in a number of spells including:

   Happiness Spells

   Marriage Spells

   Dispelling Negativity

   Protection Magic

   Prosperity and Abundance Magic

Medicinal Uses: While most people use dill leaves and stems in cooking, their seeds are commonly used medicinally. Dill is a natural carminative and antispasmodic, making it great at treating flatulence, cramps, and bloating (and associated colic), especially in children. Dill can also be used to stimulate milk production in lactating persons. The seeds and leaves are also anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory help to ward off infection, reduce arthritis symptoms, and even treat halitosis. Dill is also a natural diuretic so take it with plenty of water.

Preparation and Dosage: To create an infusion, combine 1 cup of boiling water with 1-2 teaspoons of gently crushed dill seeds. Allow the mixture to infuse for 10-15 minutes before enjoying. Alternatively, combine 1-2 teaspoons of freshly chopped dill with 1 cup boiling water and infuse for 20 minutes for the same effect. If treating flatulence, drink this infusion prior to eating. As a tincture, take 1-2 milliliters up to three times a day. To treat halitosis, chew on a few dill seeds.

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Eye of Newt and Toe of Frog: A Guide to the Folk Names of Herbs

“Eye of newt, and toe of frog,

Wool of bat, and tongue of dog,

Adder's fork, and blind-worm's sting,

Lizard's leg, and owlet's wing,—

For a charm of powerful trouble,

Like a hell-broth boil and bubble.

Double, double toil and trouble;

Fire burn, and caldron bubble.”

― William Shakespeare

You're probably familiar with the above quote from the "Song of the Witches" in Shakespeare's play Macbeth. It's one of the most famous witchy quotes and mentions a variety of spooky and somewhat disgusting ingredients being added to a potion the witches are brewing. However, not all is as it appears. In fact, none of the ingredients are actual animal parts, but instead plants. 

Traditionally, plants have gone by many folk names that usually corresponded with their appearance. Many of these names include body parts, while others refer to inanimate objects the plant may resemble. Others still are named after their blooming time or their poisonous nature. Some scholars believe these folk names were to keep the ingredients of potions, brews, and remedies a secret so they couldn't be easily copied by others. However, this may not have been the case. Locals would have known commonly used folk names for plants, as there was no standard naming system in place until Linnaeus introduced binomial nomenclature as a way of classifying organisms in 1753. Either way, many of these folk names have fallen by the wayside, making decoding ancient recipes and spells difficult without a reference. That's where this list comes in handy.

Below is an A to Z list of folk names and their corresponding plant. For each entry, I have included the common and scientific name so you can be sure you are choosing the right ingredient. I have also included a list of body parts commonly used in folk names and what they refer to to guide your understanding. It's worth mentioning that some folk names were used to describe more than one plant as there were regional differences in flora. If you are unsure which to use, I encourage you to do some more digging. Where did the recipe originate from? What is the purpose of the recipe? Cross-reference these with the flora found in the area where the recipe was written and the magical correspondences of the plants being used to see which ones match the recipe's purpose.

I have done my best to provide as comprehensive of a guide as I can. If you stumble across something not on the list, please comment below so I can add it after proper research.

Plant Parts/Body Parts

• Blood- sap or juice
• Eye- the disc of a composite flower or a seed
• Foot- leaf
• Guts- roots, stalks, or tangly bits (this is less commonly used than hair)
• Hair- very stringy roots or sometimes silk or tangly stems
• Head-  lower head or seed head
• Tail- stem
• Tongue- petal or sometimes stigma
• Toes- leaf or bud
• Paw- sometimes bud but usually refers to a leaf
• Privates- seed pod (this sex organs)
• Wing- leaf
• Worm- stringy roots
• Wool- moss (any type)

As you can see, the body parts used correspond with the look of the plant or material being used. Black-Eyed Susans are so named because their black centers look like an eye. Holly leaves are called bat wings because they look like a bat's wing. Our ancestors were very straightforward in their naming of things. Now that you have somewhat of an understanding of the body parts and what they correspond with, lets just into the list of folk names!

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A

• Aaron's Rod- Goldenrod (Solidago spp.) or Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Absinthe- Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
• Adder’s Fork- Adder's Tongue also known as Dog’s Tooth Violet (Erythronium americanum) or Bistort (Polygonum bistorta)
• Adder’s Tongue- Adder's Tongue also known as Dog’s Tooth Violet (Erythronium americanum)
• Adder's Mouth- Chickweed (Stellaria media)
• Alehoof- Ground Ivy (Nepeta heredacea, Glechoma hederacea, Nepeta glechoma)
• Alison- Sweet Alyssum (Alyssum spp.)
• Alligator Pear- Avocado (Persea americans)
• Angel Food- Angelica (Angelica archangelica)
• Angel’s Trumpet- Datura (Datura stramonium, D. metel, D. spp.)
• Archangel- Angelica (Angelica archangelica)
• Ass’s Ear- Colt's Foot/Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) or Comfrey (Symphytum officinale)
• Ass’s Foot/Bull’s Foot- Colt's Foot/Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara)
• Asthma Weed/Asthmawort- Lobelia (Lobelia inflata)
• Auld Man’s Bells/Old Man’s Bells- Wood Hyacinth (Hyacinthoides hispanica)
  
  

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B 

• Bad Man’s/Devil’s Oatmeal/Porridge- Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
• Bad Man’s/Devil’s Plaything- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Banewort- Belladonna (Atropa belladonna) or Pansy (Viola tricolor)
• Basheen- Allspice (Pimenta officinalis or P. dioica)
• Bat’s Wing- Holly (Ilex aquifolium, I. opaca)
• Bat’s Wool- Moss, unknown what kind
• Bear’s Foot- Lady’s Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris)
• Bear’s Grape/Bearberry- Uva Ursa (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)
• Bear Paw- Ramsons (Allium ursinum) or the root of male fern (Dryopteris felix-mas)
• Bear Weed- Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon glutinosum, E. californicum)
• Beard of a Monk- Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
• Beaver Poison- Hemlock (Conium maculatum)
• Ben/Benjamen- Benzoin (Styrax benzoin)
• Beggar’s Buttons- Burdock (Arctium lappa)
• Beggar’s Lice- Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale)
• Beggarweed- Dodder (Cuscuta glomurata, C. europaea)
• Beggary- Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis)
• Besom/Bisom/Basam- Broom (Cytisus scoparius)
• Beth/Beth Root- Trillium (Trillium spp.)
• Birdlime- Mistletoe (Viscum album, Phoradendron leucarpum, P. flavescens)
• Bird’s Eye- Pansy (Viola tricolor) or Speedwell (Veronica officinalis)
• Bird’s Foot-Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
• Bird’s Nest- Carrot (Daucus carota)
• Biscuits- Tormentil (Potentilla erecta, P. tormentilla)
• Bishopwort, Bishop’s Elder – Wood Betony (Stachys betonica, S. officinalis, Betonica officinalis)
• Bitter Grass – Ague Root (Aletris farinosa)
• Bitter Nightshade- Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens- American, Solanum dulcamara- European)
• Black Nightshade- Henbane (Hyosycamus niger)
• Black Root- Ague Root (Aletris farinosa)
• Black Sampson- Echinacea (Echinacea augustifolia)
• Black Snake/Black Snake Root- Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa)
• Bladder Fucus- Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus)
• Blanket Lead- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Blazing Star – Ague Root (Aletris farinosa)
• Blessed Herb- Pimpernel (Pimpinella saxifraga)
• Blind Bluff- Poppy (Papaver spp.)
• Blind Eyes- Poppy (Papaver spp.)
• Blind Worm's Sting- Knotweed (Polygonum spp.)
• Blood- Dragon's Blood (Daemonorops draco, D. propinquos) or sap of Elder (Sambucus canadensis)
• Blood of a Goose – Sap from Mulberry (Morus nigra, Morus rubra)
• Blood of an Eye – Tamarisk (Tamaris spp.)
• Blood of Ares- Purselane (Portulaca oleracea, P. salvia)
• Blood of Hephaestus- Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
• Blood of Hestia- Chamomile (Chameamelum mobile, Anthemis nobilis)
• Bloodroot- Tormentil (Potentilla erecta, P. tormentilla)
• Bloody Butcher- Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
• Bloody Fingers- Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Blooming Sally- Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)
• Blue Bottle – Bachelor's Buttons (Centaurea cyanus)
• Blue Buttons- Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
• Blue Eyes- Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
• Bonewort- Pansy (Viola tricolor)
• Bottle Brush- Horsetail (Equisetum spp.)
• Boy’s Love/Lad’s Love- Southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum)
• Brain Thief- Mandrake (Atropa mandragora, Mandragora officinale)
• Bruisewort- Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) or Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Bellis perenis)
• Bramble/Bramble Kite- Blackberry (Rubus villosus)
• Bread and Cheese- Hawthorn (Crataegus oxacantha)
• Bride of the Meadow- Meadowsweet (Spiaea filipendula, Dilipendula ulmaria, Spiraea ulmaris)
• Bride of Sun- Marigold (Calendula officinalis)
• Bridewort- Meadowsweet (Spiaea filipendula, Dilipendula ulmaria, Spiraea ulmaris)
• Broom- Gorse (Ulex europeaus) or Broom (Cytisus scoparius)
• Bull’s Blood – Beet (Beta vulgaris) or Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)
• Buffalo Herb- Alfalfa (Medicago saliva)
• Burn Plant- Aloe (Aloe vera)
• Buttons- Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare)

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C

• Calf’s Snout- Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus)
• Candlewick- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Cape Gum- Acacia (Acacia senegal)
• Capon’s Tail- Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
• Carpenter’s Square- Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa, S. marilandica)
• Carpenter’s Weed- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Cat/Catmint/Catnep/Catrup/Cat's Wort- Catnip (Nepeta cataria)
• Cat’s Foot- Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), Ground Ivy (Nepeta heredacea, Glechoma hederacea, Nepeta glechoma)
• Cat’s Herb- Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
• Chameleon Star- Bromeliad (Crypanthus spp.)
• Cherry Pie- Heliotrope (Heliotropium europaeum, H. arborescens)
• Chewing John- Galangal (Alpina officinalum, A. galanga)
• Christmas Rose- Black Hellebore (Helleborus niger)
• Christ’s Ladder- Centaury (Erythraea centaurium, Centaurium spp.)
• Christ’s Spear – Adder’s Tongue Adder's Tongue also known as Dog’s Tooth Violet (Erythronium americanum)
• Christ's Thorn- Holly (Ilex aquifolium, I. opaca)
• Church Steeple – Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria)
• Cleavers – Bedstraw (Galium verum, G. triflorum)
• Clot- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Clove Root- Avens (Geum urbanum)
• Cocklebur – Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria)
• Cock’s comb – Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondiacus)
• Colewort- Avens (Geum urbanum)
• Colt’s Tail- Fleabane (Inula dysenterica, Corydalis spp.)
• Compas Point- Pilot Weed (Silphium laciniatum)
• Compass Weed- Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus)
• Cow's Grass/Cowgrass- Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare)
• Crane’s Bill- Geranium (Pelargonium maculatum, P. odoratissimum)
• Crosswort- Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
• Crow’s Foot- Geranium (Pelargonium maculatum, P. odoratissimum)
• Crown of Thorns- Euphorbia (Euphorbia spp.)
• Cuckoo’s Bread- Plantain (Plantago spp.)
• Cuckowe's Meat- Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella)
• Cucumber Tree- Magnolia (Magnolia spp.)
• Cuddy’s Lungs- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Crown for a King- Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)Cupid's Car- Wolf's Bane (Aconitum napellus, Arnica latifolia, Arnica montana)

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D

• Dagger flower- Blue Flag (Iris versicolor)
• Daphne – Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis)
• Deadly Nightshade- Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)
• Dead Man’s Bells- Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Death Angel – Agaric (Amanita muscaria)
• Death Cap – Agaric (Amanita muscaria)
• Death Flower- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Death’s Herb – Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)
• Deer's Tongue- Deerstongue (Liatris odoratissima, Frasera speciosa)
• Delight of the Eye- Rowan (Sorbus acuparia)
• Devil’s Apple- Datura (Datura stramonium, D. metel, D. spp.) or Mandrake (Atropa mandragora, Mandragora officinale)
• Devil's Bit- Devil's Bit (Scabiosa succisa)
• Devil’s Cherries- Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)
• Devil's Dung- Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida, F. foetida, F. rurbicaulis)
• Devil’s Eye- Elder (Sambucus canadensis) or Henbane (Hyosycamus niger) or Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
• Devil’s Flower – Bachelor's Buttons (Centaurea cyanus)
• Devil’s Fuge- Mistletoe (Viscum album, Phoradendron leucarpum, P. flavescens)
• Devil’s Guts- Dodder (Cuscuta glomurata, C. europaea)
• Devil’s Herb – Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)
• Devil’s Milk- Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
• Devil’s Nettle- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Devil's Oatmeal- Parsley (Petroselinum crispum, P. sativum)
• Devil’s Plaything- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Devil’s Shoestring- Goat's Rue (Vibumum alnifolium)
• Dew of the Sea/Sea Dew- Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus)
• Dog Bane- Oleander (Nerium oleander)
• Doggies- Toadflax (Linatia vulgaris)
• Dog's Fingers- Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Dog Standard- Ragwort (Senecio vulgaris, S. jacobaea)
• Dog’s Tongue- Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale)
• Dragonwort- Bistort (Polygonum bistorta)
• Dragon’s Blood- Dragon's Blood (Daemonorops draco, D. propinquos) or Calamus (Acorus calamus)
• Drunkard- Marigold (Calendula officinalis)
• Dumbledore's Delight- Wolf's Bane (Aconitum napellus, Arnica latifolia, Arnica montana)

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E

• Earth Bark- Tormentil (Potentilla erecta, P. tormentilla)
• Earth Smoke- Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis)
• Earth Star- Bromeliad (Crypanthus spp.)
• Egyptian Thorn- Acacia (Acacia senegal)
• Elf Leaf- Lavender (Lavendula officinale) or Rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus)
• Elf’s Wort/Elfwort- Elecampane (Inula helenium)
• Elven- Elm (Ulmus campestris)
• Enchanter’s Plant- Vervain (Verbena officinalis)
• Englishman’s Foot- Plantain (Plantago spp.)
• English Serpentary- Bistort (Polygonum bistorta)
• Even of the Star- Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)
• Eyes/Eye of Day- Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Bellis perenis)
• Eye Balm- Golden Seal (Hydrastis canadensis)
• Eye of Newt- Mustard Seed (Brassica nigra)
• Eye Root- Golden Seal (Hydrastis canadensis)

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F

• Fair Lady- Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)
• Fairy Bell- Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella)
• Fairy Cup- Cowslip (Primula veris)
• Fairy Fingers/Petticoats/Thimbles- Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Fairy Horses- Ragwort (Senecio vulgaris, S. jacobaea)
• Felon Herb- Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)
• Felonwort- Bittersweet (Celastrus scandens- American, Solanum dulcamara- European)
• Feverwort- Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) or Centaury (Erythraea centaurium, Centaurium spp.)
• Five Fingers/Five Finger Blossom/Grass- Cinquefoil (Potentilla canadensis, P. erecta, P. reptans) or Tormentil (Potentilla erecta, P. tormentilla)
• Flesh and Blood- Tormentil (Potentilla erecta, P. tormentilla)
• Flute Plant- Meadow Rue (Thalictrum spp.)
• Flukes- Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
• Foal's Foot- Colt's Foot/Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara)
• Folk's Gloves- Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Fox Bells- Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Fox’s Clote- Burdock (Arctium lappa)
• Frog's Foot- Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
• From the Foot- Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum)
• From the Loins- Chamomile (Chameamelum mobile, Anthemis nobilis)
• Fruit of the Gods- Apple (Pyrus spp.)
• Fruit of the Underworld- Apple (Pyrus spp.) or Pomegranate (Punica granatum)

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G

• Gagroot- Lobelia (Lobelia inflata)
• Gallows- Mandrake (Atropa mandragora, Mandragora officinale)
• Ghost Flower- Datura (Datura stramonium, D. metel, D. spp.)
• Gillies/Gilliflower- Carnation (Dianthus carophyllus)
• Giver of Life- Corn (Zea mays)
• Gladdon- Calamus (Acorus calamus)
• Goat’s Foot- Morning Glory (Ipomoea spp.)
• Goat’s Horn- Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)
• Goat's Leaf- Honeysuckle (Lonicera caprifolium, L. japonica)
• Goatweed- St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum)
• Golden/Goldy Star – Avens (Geum urbanum)
• Golden Bough- Mistletoe (Viscum album, Phoradendron leucarpum, P. flavescens)
• Gout Root- Briony (Bryony spp.)
• Grave Root- Meadowsweet (Spiaea filipendula, Dilipendula ulmaria, Spiraea ulmaris)
• Graveyard Dust- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Greek Nuts- Almond (Prunus communic or P. dulcis)
• Ground Apple- Chamomile (Chameamelum mobile, Anthemis nobilis)
• Groundbread- Cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.)

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H

• Hair of Venus- Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum pedatim)
• Hag's Tapers- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Hagthorn- Hawthorn (Crataegus oxacantha)
• Hare’s Beard- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Harebell- Bluebell (Campanula rotundifolia)
• Hare Foot- Avens (Geum urbanum)
• Hart's Thorn- Buckthron (Rhamnus catharticus, R. frangula, R. spp.)
• Hawk’s Heart- Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
• Hay Maids/Hedge Maids- Ground Ivy (Nepeta heredacea, Glechoma hederacea, Nepeta glechoma)
• Heart Leaf- Liverwort (Hepatica nobilis, Anemone hepatic, Peltigera canina)
• Heart's Ease- Pansy (Viola tricolor)
• Hedge Taper- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Hellweed- Dodder (Cuscuta glomurata, C. europaea)
• Helmet Weed- Scullcap (Scutellatia lateriflora, S. galericulata)
• Hen and Chickens- Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum)
• Herb Bennet- Avens (Geum urbanum)
• Herb of Circe- Mandrake (Atropa mandragora, Mandragora officinale)
• Herb of Enchantment- Vervain (Verbena officinalis)
• Herb of Gladness- Borage (Borago officinalis)
• Herb of Grace- Rue (Ruta graveolens) or Vervain (Verbena officinalis)
• Herb of Mary- Pimpernel (Pimpinella saxifraga)
• Herb of the Cross- Vervain (Verbena officinalis)
• High John the Conqueror/John/Jack- High John the Conqueror (Ipomoea purga, I. jalapa)
• Holy Herb- Vervain (Verbena officinalis)
• Holy Tree- Holly (Ilex aquifolium, I. opaca)
• Honey- Clover (Trifolium spp.)
• Hoodweed- Scullcap (Scutellatia lateriflora, S. galericulata)
• Horse Tongue- Hart's Tongue Fern (Asplenium scolopendrium)
• Hound's Tongue- Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale) or Deerstongue (Liatris odoratissima, Frasera speciosa)
• Husband's Dial/Husbandman's Dial- Marigold (Calendula officinalis)
• Hundred Eyes- Periwinkle (Vinca minor)

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I

• Innocence- Innocence (Houstonia procumbens)

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J

• Jacob's Ladder- Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis)
• Jacob’s Staff- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Johnny Jumper/Johnny Jump-Ups- Pansy (Viola tricolor)
• Jove's Flower- Carnation (Dianthus carophyllus)
• Joy of the Mountain- Marjoram (Origanum majorana)
• Juno's Tears- Vervain (Verbena officinalis)
• Jupiter's Bean- Henbane (Hyosycamus niger)
• Jupiter’s Staff- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)

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K

• Kenning Wort- Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
• Key Flower/Key of Heaven/Lady's Key- Cowslip (Primula veris)
• King's Spur- Larkspur (Delphinium spp.)
• Knight’s Milfoil- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Kronos’ Blood- Sap of Cedar (Cedrus libani or C. spp.)

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L

• Ladder to Heaven- Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis)
• Lady of the Wood- Birch (Betula pendula, B. pubescens, B. lenta, B. alba)
• Lady's Lace- Dodder (Cuscuta glomurata, C. europaea)
• Ladies' Meat- Hawthorn (Crataegus oxacantha)
• Ladies' Seal- Briony (Bryony spp.) or Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum officianle, P. multiflorum biflorum)
• Lamb’s Ears- Lamb’s Ear (Stachys byzantina)
• Lapstones- Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
• Leather Jackets- Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
• Leopard's Bane- Wolf's Bane (Aconitum napellus, Arnica latifolia, Arnica montana)
• Lion's Foot- Lady’s Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris)
• Lion's Herb- Columbine (Aquilegia canadensis, A. vulgaris)
• Lion's Mouth- Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Lion’s Tooth- Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
• Little Queen- Meadowsweet (Spiaea filipendula, Dilipendula ulmaria, Spiraea ulmaris)
• Little Stepmother- Pansy (Viola tricolor)
• Lizard's leg- Ivy (Nepeta heredacea, Glechoma hederacea, Nepeta glechoma)
• Love Apples- Tomato (Lycopersicon spp.)
• Love in Idleness/Love Idol/Loving Idol- Pansy (Viola tricolor)
• Love Lies Bleeding- Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondiacus) or Pansy (Viola tricolor)
• Love Leaves- Burdock (Arctium lappa)
• Love Parsley- Lovage (Levisticum officinale)
• Love Rod- Lovage (Levisticum officinale)
• Love Root- Lovage (Levisticum officinale) or Orris Root (Iris germanica var. florentina)
• Love Will- Datura (Datura stramonium, D. metel, D. spp.)
• Love Vine- Dodder (Cuscuta glomurata, C. europaea)
• Low John the Conqueror- Galangal (Alpina officinalum, A. galanga)
• Lucky Nut- Be-Still (Thevetia peruviana, t. nereifolia)
• Lurk-In-The-Ditch- Pennyroal (Mentha pulegium)
• Lycopod- Club Moss (Lycopodium calvatum)

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M

• Mad Apple- Datura (Datura stramonium, D. metel, D. spp.)
• Madder's Cousin- Bedstraw (Galium verum, G. triflorum)
• Mad Root- Briony (Bryony spp.)
• Madwort- Sweet Alyssum (Alyssum spp.) or Datura (Datura stramonium, D. metel, D. spp.) or Scullcap (Scutellatia lateriflora, S. galericulata) or Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
• Maiden’s Ruin- Southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum)
• Male Lily- Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis)
• Male Shield- Male Fern (Dryopterisfelix-mas)
• Man’s Bile- Turnip Juice (Brassica rapa)
• Man’s Health- Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
• Master of the Woods- Woodruff (Asperula odorata, Galium odoratum)
• Masterwort- Angelica (Angelica archangelica)
• May Lily- Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis)
• Maypops- Passion Flower (Passiflora incarnata)
• Meadow- Anemone (Anemone pulsatilla)
• Melissa- Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis)
• Mother of Herbs- Rue (Ruta graveolens)
• Mother of the Wood- Sloe (Prunus spinosa)
• Money Plant- Honesty (Lunaria spp.)
• Moonlight on the Grove- Jasmine (Jasminum spp.)
• Murphies- Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
• Mutton Chops- Goosegrass (Eleusine spp.)

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N

• Narcissus- Daffodil (Narcissus spp.)
• Nard- Lavender (Lavendula officinale)
• Naught Man- Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)
• Naughty Man's Cherries- Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)
• Nine Hooks- Lady’s Mantle (Alchemilla vulgaris)
• Nine Joints- Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare)
• No Eyes- Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
• Nose Bleed- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Nurse Heal- Elecampane (Inula helenium)

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O

• Old Lady/Old Gal/Old Woman- Elder (Sambucus canadensis) or Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium)
• Old Man- Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) or Southernwood (Artemisia abrotanum)
• Old Man’s Flannel- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Old Man’s Pepper- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Old Uncle Henry- Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)
• Organ Broth/Tea- Pennyroal (Mentha pulegium)
• Our Lady's Glove- Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Our Lady's Tears- Lily of the Valley (Convallaria majalis)
• Owelet's Wing- Garlic (Allium sativum)

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P

• Paddock Pipes- Horsetail (Equisetum spp.)
• Password- Primrose (Primula vulgaris)
• Patterns and Cogs- Toadflax (Linatia vulgaris)
• Pentagram Flowers/Plant- Wax Plant (Hoya camosa)
• Personata- Burdock (Arctium lappa)
• Peter’s Staff- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Pigeon's Grass/Pigeonwood- Vervain (Verbena officinalis)
• Pinks- Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
• Piss-a-Bed- Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
• Pole Cat- Skunk Cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus)
• Poor Man's Meat- Bean (Phaseolus spp.)
• Poor Man’s Treacle- Garlic (Allium sativum)
• Princess Feather- Amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondiacus)
• Priest’s Crown- Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
• Pukeweed- Lobelia (Lobelia inflata)
• Purple Medic- Alfalfa (Medicago saliva)

 

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Q

• Quaker Bonnet- Scullcap (Scutellatia lateriflora, S. galericulata)
• Queen Elizabeth Root- Orris Root (Iris germanica var. florentina)
• Quick- Hawthorn (Crataegus oxacantha)
• Quickbane- Rowan (Sorbus acuparia)

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R

• Rabbits- Toadflax (Linatia vulgaris)
• Rats and Mice- Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale)
• Ram’s horn- Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)
• Red Robin- Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare)
• Ring-a-Bell- Bluebell (Campanula rotundifolia)
• Rocks- Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
• Runaway Robin- Ground Ivy (Nepeta heredacea, Glechoma hederacea, Nepeta glechoma)

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S

• Sacred Mother- Corn (Zea mays)
• Scabwort- Elecampane (Inula helenium)
• Scaldhead- Blackberry (Rubus villosus)
• Seed of Horns- Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)
• Semen of Ammon- Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum)
• Semen of Ares- Clover (Trifolium spp.)
• Semen of Hephaistos- Fleabane (Inula dysenterica, Corydalis spp.)
• Serpent's Tongue- Adder's Tongue also known as Dog’s Tooth Violet (Erythronium americanum)
• Seven Barks- Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens)
• Seven Year’s Love- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Sheep Lice- Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale)
• Silver Bough- Apple (Pyrus spp.)
• Silver Dollar- Honesty (Lunaria spp.)
• Silver Leaf- Stillengia (Stillingia sylvatica)
• Sleep Herb/Sleepwort- Lettuce (Lactuca salvia)
• Snake Bite- Plantain (Plantago spp.)
• Snake Grape- Briony (Bryony spp.)
• Snake's Friend- Indian Paint Brush (Castilleja spp.)
• Snake's Matches- Indian Paint Brush (Castilleja spp.)
• Snake Root- Snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria)
• Snakeweed- Bistort (Polygonum bistorta) or Plantain (Plantago spp.) or Snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria)
• Soapwort- Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) or Soapwort (Saponaria spp.)
• Solider's Tea- Horehound (Marrubium vulgare)
• Sops-In-Wine- Carnation (Dianthus carophyllus)
• Sorcerer's Berries- Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)
• Sorcerer's Herb- Datura (Datura stramonium, D. metel, D. spp.)
• Sorcerer's Root- Mandrake (Atropa mandragora, Mandragora officinale)
• Sorcerer’s Violet- Periwinkle (Vinca minor)
• Sow Bread/Swine Bread- Cyclamen (Cyclamen spp.)
• Sparrow’s Tongue- Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare)
• Spike- Lavender (Lavendula officinale)
• St. Jame's Wort- Ragwort (Senecio vulgaris, S. jacobaea)
• St. John’s Plant- Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris)
• Star Flower- Borage (Borago officinalis)
• Star of the Earth – Avens (Geum urbanum)
• Starweed- Chickweed (Stellaria media)
• Starwort- Aster (Callistephus chinensis)
• Strangle Tare- Dodder (Cuscuta glomurata, C. europaea)
• Stepmother- Pansy (Viola tricolor)
• Stinking Nanny/Willie- Ragwort (Senecio vulgaris, S. jacobaea)
• Stinkweed- Garlic (Allium sativum)
• Storm' Hat- Wolf's Bane (Aconitum napellus, Arnica latifolia, Arnica montana)
• Summer's Bride- Marigold (Calendula officinalis)
• Sundrop- Yellow Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
• Swallow Herb/Swallow Wort- Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
• Swamp Sassafras- Magnolia (Magnolia spp.)
• Sweating Plant- Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
• Swine’s Snout- Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
  
  

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T

• Tanner’s Bark- Toadflax (Linatia vulgaris)
• Tartar Root- Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius)
• Tetterwort- Celandine (Chelidonium majus)
• Thoroughwort- Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum)
• Thron- Hawthorn (Crataegus oxacantha)
• Thor's Hat- Wolf's Bane (Aconitum napellus, Arnica latifolia, Arnica montana)
• Thor's Helper- Rowan (Sorbus acuparia)
• Thousand Weed- Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
• Throat's Herb/Throatwort- Figwort (Scrophularia nodosa, S. marilandica)
• Thunder Plant- Houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum)
• Toad- Toadflax (Linatia vulgaris)
• Toe of Frog- Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
• Tongue of Dog- Hound’s Tongue (Cynoglossum officinale)
• Tongue Grass- Chickweed (Stellaria media)
• Torches- Mullein (Verbascum thapus)
• Tree of Death- Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens)
• Tree of Doom- Elder (Sambucus canadensis)
• Tree of Chastity- Hawthorn (Crataegus oxacantha)
• Tree of Evil- Walnut (Juglans regia)
• True Love- Trillium (Trillium spp.)
• Trumpet Flower- Be-Still (Thevetia peruviana, t. nereifolia)

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U

• Unicorn’s horn/root- Ague Root (Aletris farinosa)
• Urine- Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
• Unshoe-Horse- Moonwort (Botrychium spp.)

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V

• Vapor- Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis)

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W

• War Poison- Yellow Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis)
• Warty Foot- Bulbous Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus)
• Wax Dolls- Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis)
• Weasel- Rue (Ruta graveolens)
• Winterweed- Chickweed (Stellaris media)
• White Man’s Foot- Plantain (Plantago spp.)
• Wishing Thorn- Sloe (Prunus spinosa)
• Witchbane/Witchwood- Rowan (Sorbus acuparia)
• Witch’s Asprin- Willow (Salix alba)
• Witch's Bells- Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Witch's Berries- Belladonna (Atropa belladonna)
• Witch's Broom- Mistletoe (Viscum album, Phoradendron leucarpum, P. flavescens)
• Witch's Burr- Liguidamber (Liquidambar spp.)
• Witch's Hair-Dodder (Cuscuta glomurata, C. europaea)
• Witch's Herb- Basil (Ocimum basilicum)
• Witch's Mannildn- Mandrake (Atropa mandragora, Mandragora officinale)
• Witch's Thimble- Datura (Datura stramonium, D. metel, D. spp.) or Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea)
• Wolf Claw- Club Moss (Lycopodium calvatum)
• Wolf's Hat- Wolf's Bane (Aconitum napellus, Arnica latifolia, Arnica montana)
• Wolf’s Milk- Euphorbia (Euphorbia spp.)
• Wood of the Cross- Mistletoe (Viscum album, Phoradendron leucarpum, P. flavescens)
• Wool of Bat- Holly (Ilex aquifolium, I. opaca) or moss
• Worm Fern- Male Fern (Dryopterisfelix-mas)
• Wound Weed/Wort- Goldenrod (Solidago spp.)

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X

None at this time.

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Y

None at this time.

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Z

None at this time.

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***

And there you have it! An A to Z guide of the folk names of different herbs and their modern counterpart. While not 100% comprehensive, this is an excellent starting point when translating or deciphering old grimoires and herbal remedies. Whether it was done to keep recipes a secret or not, our ancestors were certainly creative in their naming system!

Again, if you didn't see something on this list, please let me know in the comments below so I can do some research and get it added. Until next time!

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