What is Yule?

The Norse, like all peoples, celebrated seasonal and astrological changes. What these celebrations were and how they were celebrated has been largely up for interpretation, relying on the Sagas, archeology, and surviving traditions to inform scholars and modern Norse pagans. In Chapter 8 of the Ynglinga Saga by Snorri Sturluson, three great sacrifices are mentioned.

Þá skyldi blóta í móti vetri til árs, 

en at miðjum vetri blóta til gróðrar, hit þriðja at 

sumri, þat var sigrblót.

There should be a sacrifice at the beginning of winter for a good year, 

and in the middle of winter for a good crop, the 

third in summer day, that was the sacrifice for victory.

While not mentioned specifically by names like Sigrblót, the beginning of winter sacrifice is believed it be Vetrnætr or Winter Nights, while the mid-winter sacrifice is Yule. Most modern pagans are familiar with the lore and traditions of Yule, but what do the Sagas and archeological research have to say about this holiday and how it was traditionally celebrated?

It is important to note that most sources, including the Sagas, are heavily Christianized and were written 200+ years after the Viking Age. This doesn't negate their usefulness in reconstructing historical practices, but it does add context. There is only one source describing pre-Christian festivities that likely occurred during Yule. In the 6th century, the Byzantine historian Procopius wrote about the island of Thule which was inhabited by several tribes. Thule, however, is not the name of defined place, but instead a northern region beyond "borders of the known world" mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman literature and cartography. Most scholar believe Procopius's Thule is part of Scandinavia as he notes that the sun doesn't rise for 40 days during the winter.

Procopius's account, which is based on other sources and not his personal observations states:

"...But not less than six months later, at about the time of the winter solstice, the sun is never seen on this island for forty days, but never-ending night envelops it; and as a result of this dejection holds the people there during this whole time, because they are unable by any means to mingle with one another during this interval...And when a time amounting to thirty-five days has passed in this long night, certain men are sent to the summits of the mountains — for this is the custom among them — and when they are able from that point barely to see the sun, they bring back word to the people below that within five days the sun will shine upon them. And the whole population celebrates a festival at the good news, and that too in the darkness. And this is the greatest festival which the natives of Thule have; for, I imagine, these islanders always become terrified, although they see the same thing happen every year, fearing that the sun may at some time fail them entirely."

Minus his condescension of their intelligence, we can see that a midwinter celebration did occur after the winter solstice. This is corroborated by other sources as well.

According to Hákonar saga góða 13:

Hann setti þat í lǫgum at hefja jólahald þann tíma sem kristnir menn, ok skyldi þá hverr maðr eiga mælis ǫl, en gjalda fé ella, en halda heilagt, meðan ǫl ynnisk. En áðr var jólahald hafit hǫkunótt, þat var miðsvetrar nótt, ok haldin þriggja nátta jól.

[King Hakon] established in law that Yule would be held at the same time as the Christians, and then everyone had to have a measure of ale [i.e. brew ale from a certain measure of malt] or else pay a fine, and keep the holiday as long as the ale lasted. But previously, Yule was held at hǫkunótt, which was Midwinter Night, and three nights of Yule were celebrated.

From this passage, we see that Yule was originally celebrated at some point during midwinter for approximately three nights, but as Christianity spread across Scandinavia, the date was moved to correspond with Christmas. Scholars debate exactly when "midwinter" is, with some suggesting hǫkunótt means "longest night of the year." Other scholars, however, rely more heavily on primstavs, on which certain symbols marked significant days. The drinking horn is believed to be the symbol of Yule, which is found on primstavs in the month of Jolmanuðr (January). The Norse tracked time using a lunisolar calendar, which would place Yule at the first full moon following the winter solstice, except during leap years when it would fall on the first full moon after the first new moon after the winter solstice. Whew! This places Yule smack in the middle of January, give or take a week or two, which corresponds with accounts of the great blót at Lejre by Thietmar of Merseburg. According to Thietmar, ”Every ninth year there was a big Yule sacrifice, in the village of Lejre. At this Yule sacrifice, 99 humans, including just as many roosters, dogs, and horses were sacrificed to the pagan Gods."

Today, Yule is most often celebrated on or around the Winter Solstice to align with other holidays, but other Heathens choose to follow the 'original' calendar dates proposed by scholar and expert Andreas Nordberg, PhD. I have chosen to keep the Winter Solstice date as it not only corresponds with the time my most recent ancestors would have celebrated, but it also corresponds with my Scottish ancestors' holidays, making it the perfect time to connect with my roots.

From Hákonar saga góða 13, we are also given a glimpse into what festivities would have occurred during Yule: drinking. None of this should be a surprise, especially considering that I previously mentioned Yule is represented as a drinking horn on primstavs. King Hakon mandated that beer or ale be drunk during the feasting, and those who didn’t have beer at their feast were issued a fine. It wasn't just primstavs or Hákonar saga góða 13, however, that suggest Yule was a time for drinking and celebrating.

One of the oldest mentions of the word ”jól” is found in the poem Haraldskvæði 6, 1-4 by the poet Thorbjørn Hornklofi, which was written around the 10th century. In it, there is a reference to  Norwegian King Harald Fairhair, who wants to jól drekka or drink Yule.

Úti vill jól drekka, ef skal einn ráða, fylkir hinn framlyndi, ok Freys leik heyja.

He wants to drink Yule out at sea if he alone should rule, the brave King, and practice the sport of Freyr.

This entry praises King Harald Fairhair for being brave for wanting to drink and battle instead of sitting around ruling with a mead in hand, but also hints at the connection between Yule and drinking. This is further supported by Gulating Laws. The Gulating Laws officially formalized King Haakon’s beer decree mentioned earlier. It required every household to brew Christmas beer, and outlined penalties for those who failed to do so. A rough translation of the handwritten document states:

“Yet another beer brew we are required to make, man and wife from equal amounts of malts, and to bless it Christmas night in thanks to Christ and St. Mary, for a good year and peace. If this is not done, three marks must be paid to the bishop. But if someone sits three winters without doing so, or cannot pay the fees that we have added for our religion, and this can be proven, then he has forfeited every penny of his worth. The king shall have half, and the bishop the other half. But he may confess his sins and make church penance and stay in Norway. If he will not he shall leave the realm of our king.”

Apart from drinking, historical texts also suggest Yule was characterized by feasting and a sacrifice. In Hákonar saga góða 16, we find the following passage describing how the farmers celebrated:

Þat var forn siðr, þá er blót skyldi vera, at allir bœndr skyldu þar koma sem hof var ok flytja þannug föng sín, þau er þeir skyldu hafa, meðan veizlan stóð. At veizlu þeirri skyldu allir menn öl eiga; þar var ok drepinn allskonar smali ok svá hross; en blóð þat alt, er þar kom af, þá var kallat hlaut, ok hlautbollar þat, er blóð þat stóð í, ok hlautteinar, þat var svá gert sem stöklar; með því skyldi rjóða stallana öllu saman, ok svá veggi hofsins utan ok innan, ok svá stökkva á mennina; en slátr skyldi sjóða til mannfagnaðar. Eldar skyldu vera á miðju gólfi í hofinu ok þar katlar yfir; ok skyldi full um eld bera. En sá er gerði veizluna ok höfðingi var, þá skyldi hann signa fullit ok allan blótmatinn.

It was ancient custom that when sacrifice was to be made, all farmers were to come to the heathen temple and bring along with them the food they needed while the feast lasted. At this feast, all were to take part of the drinking of ale. Also, all kinds of livestock were killed in connection with it, horses also; and all the blood from them was called hlaut [sacrificial blood], and hlautbolli, the vessel holding the blood; and hlautteinar, the sacrificial twigs. These were fashioned like sprinklers, and with them were to be smeared all over with blood the pedestals of the idols and also the walls of the temple within and without; and likewise the men present were to be sprinkled with blood. But the meat of the animals was to be boiled and served as food at the banquet. Fires were to be lighted in the middle of the temple floor, and kettles hung over the fires. The sacrificial beaker was to be borne around the fire, and he who made the feast and was chieftain was to bless the beaker as well as all the sacrificial meat.

Here we see these feasts were celebrated with drinking (duh) and a sacrifice of livestock and horses. Their blood was smeared on altars and idols, even sprinkled upon those gathered there, while the meat was cooked for all to enjoy. Further in the passage (not shown here), there is mention of several toasts being given, the first of which was given to Odin "for victory and power to the king," the second to Njörðr and Freyr "for good harvests and for peace," and the final to the king himself. Additional toasts called minni were drunk in honor and memory of one's ancestors.

King Haakon The Good Confronted By The Farmers Of Mæren, By Peter Nicolai Arbo (c. 1831–1892)

Other celebrations would have included oath-swearing, which is suggested by several sources. In Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks 10, such an oath is mentioned: 

...ok skyldi þeim gelti blóta at sónarblóti. Jólaaptan [skyldi leiða sónargöltinn í höll fyrir konúng; lögðu menn þá hendr yfir burst hans ok strengja heit.

And they would sacrifice a boar in the sonarblót. On Yule Eve the sonar- boar was led into the hall before the king; then people laid their hands on its bristles and made vows.

A similar account is found in Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar 31:

Heðinn var heima með föður sínum, Hjörvarði konungi, í Nóregi. Heðinn fór einn saman heim ór skógi jólaaftan ok fann trollkonu. Sú reið vargi ok hafði orma at taumum ok bauð fylgð sína Heðni. "Nei," sagði hann. Hon sagði: "Þess skaltu gjalda at bragarfulli." Um kveldit óru heitstrengingar. Var fram leiddr sónargöltr. Lögðu menn þar á hendr sínar ok strengðu menn þá heit at bragarfulli. Heðinn strengði heit til Sváfu Eylimadóttur, unnustu Helga, bróður síns, ok iðraðisk svá mjök, at hann gekk á braut villistígu suðr á lönd ok fann Helga bróður sinn.

Hethin was at home with his father, King Hjorvarth, in Norway. Hethin was coming home alone from the forest one Yule-eve, and found a troll-woman; she rode on a wolf, and had snakes in place of a bridle. She asked Hethin for his company. "Nay," said he. She said, "Thou shalt pay for this at the king's toast." That evening the great vows were taken; the sacred boar was brought in, the men laid their hands thereon, and took their vows at the king's toast. Hethin vowed that he would have Svava, Eylimi's daughter, the beloved of his brother Helgi; then such great grief seized him that he went forth on wild paths southward over the land, and found Helgi, his brother.

Both of these tell of oaths being sworn during or near enough to Yule feasts while touching a boar, which was likely sacrificed afterwards as part of a larger blót. Failure to uphold or fulfill such oaths often had dire consequences, such as exile or death, as oaths served as a foundation for maintaining order and relationships within the community. These oaths were likely similar to our modern-day New Year's Resolutions, a tradition many continue to partake in today. 

Finally, there are some accounts of gifts being exchanged during this time as well. In Óláfs saga helga 62, we see such an exchange where King Olav gives gifts to his subjects, gifts that are so appreciated they inspired poetry and verses.

Eyvindur var um veturinn í jólaboði með Ólafi konungi og þá þar góðar gjafar að honum. Þar var og þá með honum Brynjólfur úlfaldi og þá að jólagjöf gullbúið sverð af konungi og með bæ þann er Vettaland heitir og er það hinn mesti höfuðbær.

Eyvind was at the Yule feast of the king, and received goodly gifts from him. Brynjolf Ulfalde was also with the king, and he received a Yule present from the king of a gold-mounted sword, and also a farm called Vettaland, which is a very large head-farm of the district. Brynjolf composed a song about these gifts...

A similar passage appears in Egils saga Skallagrímssonar 70, which details a large Yule feast hosted by a generous host by the name of Arinbjörn. In this passage, Egil details how both he and other guests received amazing gifts as part of the celebrations.

Arinbjörn hafði jólaboð mikit, bauð til sín vinum sínum ok heraðsbóndum. Var þar fjölmenni mikit ok veizla góð. Hann gaf Agli at jólagjöf slæður, gervar af silki ok gullsaumaðar mjök, settar fyrir allt gullknöppum í gegnum niðr. Arinbjörn hafði látit gera klæði þat við vöxt Egils. Arinbjörn gaf Agli alklæðnað nýskorinn at jólum. Váru þar skorin í ensk klæði með mörgum litum. Arinbjörn gaf margs konar vingjafar um jólin þeim mönnum, er hann höfðu heimsótt, því at Arinbjörn var allra manna örvastr ok mestr skörungr.

In the winter Egil went southwards to Sogn to collect his land-rents, staying there some time. After that he came north again to the Firths. Arinbjorn held a great Yule-feast, to which he bade his friends and the neighbouring landowners. There was there much company and good cheer. Arinbjorn gave Egil as a Yule-gift a trailing robe made of silk, and richly broidered with gold, studded with gold buttons in front all down to the hem. Arinbjorn had had the robe made to fit Egil’s stature. Arinbjorn gave also to Egil at Yule a complete suit newly made; it was cut of English cloth of many colours. Friendly gifts of many kinds gave Arinbjorn at Yule to those who were his guests, for Arinbjorn was beyond all men open-handed and noble.

This generosity led Egil to write a similar thank-you verse on a stave, again showing that the nature of these gifts was appreciated. Needless to say, these passages, along with other accounts, paint a clear picture of Yule festivities: a 3-day midwinter feast celebrated with drinking, toasts, oath-making, sacrifices, and gift-giving!

Over time, Yule has transformed and morphed into a longer celebration, sometimes encompassing 12 days and nights, and is often celebrated with evergreen trees, presents, Yule logs, and so much more. As much as I would love to dive into the origins of these traditions and why they are sometimes associated with Yule, it is beyond the scope of this particular post. As such, I plan on covering these traditions in the future, so keep an eye out for those posts.

Needless to say, Yule is a time of celebrating the light's return, honoring family and friends, and setting intentions for the year to come. This year (2025/2026), Yule falls on December 21st in the Northern Hemisphere or, if you are choosing to celebrate more traditionally, January 13th.

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Book Review: Magic from the Hilltops & Hollers by Leah Middleton

Disclosure: Some of the links below are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, I will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. I received a free copy of this deck in exchange for an honest review.

Over the past couple of years, there has been a resurgence of folk magic, especially among those of Appalachia. Multiple books have been published on the subject as many of us here in the States turn away from closed practices and attempt to reconnect with our ancestors. For many white people in the US, we struggle with cultural identity. We aren't at home here, but neither are we at home in our ancestral lands. We are a people caught betwix and between, seeking culture and connection in a land we don't belong to and in a country that has long favored rugged individualism. Those of us caught in this crisis are desperately searching for that missing piece, a piece I, too, have been searching for. For me, it has taken the form of Norse paganism and Scottish witchcraft, blended with traditions and folklore my family has passed down for generations, some of which hail from Appalachia, the place I have called home for 35 years.

Middleton, like me, spent her life among these beautiful mountains, immersed in the culture that makes Appalachia one of a kind. In Magic from the Hilltops & Hollers: Folk Witchery, Superstitions, and Healing Practices from Appalachia, Leah Middleton joins a host of other authors, including H. Byron Ballard, Cory Thomas Hutcheson, Rebecca Beyer, Orion Foxwood, and Jake Richards, bringing light to the long-practiced traditions, folklore, and spellwork of Appalachia. Like other practices, Appalachian folk witchery is a beautiful melting pot of cultures and traditions, which Middleton explores through folk tales, historical documents, and personal experience.

Magic from the Hilltops & Hollers is less of a practice spellbook and more of a dive into the practices found in Appalachia, covering everything from the history of the area to the superstitions and folk tales told amongst its people. This dive into the history of Appalachia truly sets the tone for the entire book, helping to dispel the idea that the Appalachian region is less diverse and less deserving of our time and empathy than other areas. As someone who has lived here almost her entire life, I agree with Middleton. We are a diverse people who value community, family, and the land, contrary to what some people in popular media would have you believe. I appreciate Middleton's approach and hope that by picking up her work, you, too, will come to love this region as much as I do. On top of this, Middleton makes a stark distinction between witchcraft and folk magic: "Folk magic is the result of regional and cultural beliefs related to superstitions, customs, and religion."

You'll notice she specifically mentions "religion" in her definition, and honestly, I think that is one of the most important aspects of Appalachian folk magic. Christianity, as Middleton discusses, has left a tremendous mark on the faith of the area and how magic is practiced within the region. Very few people within the region would dare to call themselves a witch, but they practice magic nonetheless. Middleton offers a host of ways to make the Christian-influenced practices more "heretical," something I deeply appreciated. I know many witches struggle with the scars left from Christianity, and don't necessarily want to bring it back into their lives. Middleton offers animistic alternatives and suggestions, teaching the reader how to turn Christian practices more pagan.

Apart from traditional history and folklore, Middleton also delves into folk art, music, superstitions, and folk healing. I am not going to lie, I ate this information up. Some of it was new, and some of it was traditions I grew up with. For example, my mother collects local folk pottery, especially those with faces. We had a blue bottle tree in our yard for protection, neighbors painted their porch ceilings haint blue (we did not have a porch growing up, but my mother painted blue near the front door or included blue bottles near the door as "decoration"), iron horseshoes were hung in the home, and we always ate black-eyed peas on New Year's for good luck. We used red ribbon and string to protect us while out in the woods, licked our fingers and drew a cross upon the sight of a black cat, and blew on our burns three times while saying a prayer to help them heal. Growing up, I didn't realize these traditions were special or even unique, but the older I get, the more I lean into the "silly little things" my parents and grandparents instilled in me. Middleton does an exceptional job shedding light on these traditions through storytelling and anecdotes.

As Middleton discusses the history and folklore of the region, she sprinkles in spells, charms, recipes, and more, nuggets of gold hidden among other gems. I highly recommend reading Magic from the Hilltops & Hollers closely and with a pen or highlighter so you can mark important information as it arises. My only complaint is that I wish the book were longer! There is no way to cover everything that makes this region what it is, so I highly recommend starting with Middleton's work and using the other authors mentioned to fill in the gaps. Magic from the Hilltops & Hollers is a great introduction to the practices of Appalachia, but it just grazes the surface.

You can pick up your copy of Magic from the Hilltops & Hollers: Folk Witchery, Superstitions, and Healing Practices from Appalachia by Leah Middleton wherever books are sold.

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Magical and Medicinal Properties of Chili Peppers

Gender: Masculine

Planet: Mars
Element: Fire
Powers: Fidelity, Hex-Breaking, Love

Magical Uses and History: Chili pepper, which refers to a large number of edible peppers in the Capsicum genus, has long been beloved for its magical and medicinal properties, especially in Latin America, where it is native. They were an essential part of indigenous culture, being used by the Aztecs, Mayans, Incas, and others to ward off illness, disease, and evil, and to improve digestion.

In Ancient Inca culture, the chili pepper, or uchu or huayca, was considered a holy plant sacred to Agar-Uchu or "Brother Chili Pepper." Agar-Uchu was one of the "Four Brothers" found in the Incan creation myth and brother to the first Incan king. These four brothers symbolized the early kings and their teachings, a reflection of the civilization's diet and medicinal practices.

The chili pepper is also found within the Codex Mendoza, which contains records of the Aztecs. A number of illustrations can be found within of chili peppers, further suggesting its importance among Latin American peoples. The Aztecs were known to use chili peppers to spice a cocoa bean drink known as tchocoatl, as well as to flavor dishes. It was also used as a form of currency as it was an important trade food at markets and was even collected as tribute. Archaeological evidence, along with written and oral traditions, suggests that the chili pepper was also used in spiritual practices and offered as a gift to the gods. It was sometimes burned to cleanse spaces and people, its intense heat believed to ward off evil and unwanted spirits. There is also record of chili pepper smoke being used as a weapon as well as a punishment for unruly children and excessively angry or rageful adults, as inhaling the vapors caused irritation to the eyes, nose, and mouth. Ouch! In fact, chili peppers were among the first weapons of chemical warfare, used by the Taino people to fight off the Spaniards. Gourds filled with ash and dried chilis were flung at the invaders. Upon exploding, these gourds released clouds of stinging flakes, slowing down and even killing some of their enemies. This harsh, stinging smoke is also believed to ward off negativity and evil and was sometimes used at burial sites to protect visitors and to keep vermin away.

In Mayan culture, shamans used chili peppers, along with other herbs such as tobacco, to induce an altered state of consciousness, allowing them to divine the future and communicate with the gods. A 2024 study involving DNA analysis of soil samples from a ballcourt at the ancient city of Yaxnohcah on the Yucatán Peninsula found traces of four specific plants: chili peppers, xtabentun, jool, and chilcahuite. These four plants, which were known for their magical properties, point to either a divination ritual or a "fix earth" ritual to bless the newly constructed ballcourt space and propitiate the gods for future activities. 

Needless to say, the chili pepper was a central part of Latin American cultures, being used for a wide variety of purposes. As such, the chili pepper can be used in a wide variety of spells, rituals, and rites. Use in spells to attract money, burn to ward off evil spirits and cleanse objects, leave as an offering to your ancestors or deities, or use in divination rituals or hedge riding. Scatter chili pepper seeds around your house to break hexes or prevent unwanted entities from entering, or hang dried chilis near entrances for similar purposes. Add to hot foot powders to force someone to leave.

Among these cultures, the chili pepper was also widely used in medicine, often to treat respiratory infections, break fevers, and alleviate digestive issues. In Aztec medicine, chili peppers were mixed with cacao and vanilla to create an aphrodisiac. In other cultures, men would rub raw chilis on their genitals to numb the surrounding area, allowing for prolonged sexual pleasure. As such, chili peppers can be used to 'heat up' spells and rituals, especially those related to love, lust, and sexual pleasure. Add to drinks and foods to enflame your lover or place in your bedroom for similar purposes.

It wasn't until much later that the chili pepper arrived in Europe via the Spice Route. The first samples to arrive were incredibly expensive and reserved almost exclusively for botanists and aristocrats. By the sixteenth century, European nobles were primarily growing chili peppers not as a food source, but as ornamental garden plants. However, the chili pepper spread to the countryside, where it became known as "the poor people's peppers" because it was used instead of the extremely expensive black pepper. The correspondences here are contradictory, being both expensive and cheap. As such, chili peppers would be beneficial in financial spells where you are looking to bring down the price of something or make something more affordable. You can also use chili peppers to alter one's opinion of something, changing their perceived value of the object.

Sadly, I have barely scratched the surface of chili pepper folklore, myth, and legend. Because 'chili pepper' is a broad term, there is no way I could possibly include all of the magical history associated with this wonderful genus of plants. As such, I encourage you to dive further into the chili pepper on your own, adding to the information I have shared with you today.

Medicinal Uses: Chili pepper is a broad term, referring to a large number of edible peppers that contain capsaicin and are found in the Capsicum genus. When it comes to herbal remedies, Capsicum annuum, also known as cayenne pepper, is the most commonly used. 

Chili peppers are a counterirritant due to high levels of capsaicin, meaning that when they are applied externally to the skin, they cause irritation and swelling. While on the surface this sounds counterintuitive, it's actually beneficial when added to creams and salves to treat muscle aches and pains, as it helps increase circulation to the applied area, thus helping to heal and alleviate the pain. Due to the high levels of capsaicin, chili peppers are also used to treat nerve pain, especially nerve pain related to shingles and diabetes. However, this tonic is often only available through prescription. Chili peppers are also a stimulant and can be combined with other herbs to treat throat infections, fibromyalgia, and osteoarthritis, increase circulation, and strengthen the digestive system. As a diaphoretic, it is useful in ‘breaking’ a fever. As a carminative, chilli is also used to treat flatulence, dyspepsia, and colic. Please note that chili pepper is not recommended for use in people with gastric ulcers, hyperacidity, or hypertension.

Preparation and Dosage: To make an infusion, combine one-half to one teaspoon of dried chili pepper (cayenne pepper) with one cup of boiling water. Allow the mixture to infuse for up to 10 minutes. Strain and mix one tablespoon of this infusion in a cup of hot water. Drink up to 3 times a day. As a tincture, take between 0.25 and 1 milliliter combined with water up to 3 times a day. To create a salve, combine 1/2 cup of olive oil with 2 tablespoons of chili pepper (cayenne pepper powder). Gently heat the mixture over low heat, allowing it to warm completely before removing from the heat and allowing it to cool for 20 minutes. Repeat this process 3-5 more times, or allow the mixture to sit for a week in a sunny location. Strain and combine the oil with 1/2 ounce of beeswax in a double boiler and heat until the beeswax has melted and the mixture is well combined. Use to treat mild aches and pains, sore joints, bruises, and nerve pain. Do not touch your eyes or mucosal membranes, as it will cause burning. It is best to use gloves when working with and applying chili pepper remedies, followed by handwashing.

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Harnessing Winter's Magic: Herbal Allies for Health and Witchcraft

Working with plants is one of the key tenets of my magical practice, just like the hedge witches who came before me. The relationships I have built with the plants in my garden and around my home are precious, allowing me to cast spells, develop rituals, and create healing medicines. As the seasons change, so do the plants I work with. Part of practicing local, animistic witchcraft means shifting with the seasons and relying on what is available. That isn't to say I don't bring in some plants that aren't necessarily prevalent this time of year, but I am definitely more cognizant of my choices each season.

Seasonal plant allies are an excellent source of magic and healing, bringing a potent natural element to your work. But what is a plant ally exactly? 

A plant ally is a plant with which you have a close relationship, much like that of a close friend. Just like real friendships, your plant allies shift and change as you grow. Some will be fair-weather friends, while others will stick with you through the thick of it. They come into our lives to guide us, challenge us, and encourage us to face life's challenges and adventures.

How you connect with your plant allies is entirely personal and a topic for another post, but developing these relationships is critical for those interested in working with plants in their magical or healing practice. We are but one spirit in the cosmos, no greater or smaller than others. Respecting others is paramount to an ethical practice, and I take it quite seriously.

Winter is a time for rest, rejuvenation, and reflection. Historically, our ancestors spent the winter months indoors, completing household tasks, enjoying each other's company, and otherwise waiting for spring to come. Contrary to modern day, there was very little work done during these months. Despite being a time for rest, winter also brings stress, depression, and the common cold as we spend more time in close proximity with family and friends while we celebrate the holiday season. This makes the dark season the perfect time to work with herbs that promote immune health, reduce stress and anxiety, and bring happiness and joy.

In today's post, we will journey together to get to know the plants I rely on most during the winter months for witchcraft and healing. I have grouped the plants based on need and offered alternatives where possible.

For Kindling Joy in the Dark Months

When the days grow short and the world settles into deep quiet, the heart often needs a little extra light. Many people report that despite the holiday season, the shortened days and increased darkness often lead to feelings of sadness, loneliness, and despair. Several plants can help rekindle joy and uplift the spirit, reminding us that warmth still lives within despite the darkness.

The herbs on this list are magically and medicinally associated with joy, cheer, lightness of heart, and brightness.

Orange (Citrus sinesis): Oranges, which are harvested in the cooler months, have long been associated with winter. Their bright orange coloring, sweet and tangy flavor, and juicy aroma make them magically associated with happiness, optimism, purification, and good fortune. Medicinally, a study published in late 2024 by Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital found participants who consumed at least one medium orange per day had an approximate 20-22% lower risk of developing depression compared to those who did not. This lower risk is most likely due to the flavonoids found in citrus, such as naringenin and formononetin, that help promote the growth of a mood-regulating bacterium called Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Needless to say, orange helps to stimulate the senses and is especially helpful when spirits feel heavy or stagnant. Add to spells, rituals, simmer pots, and teas to brighten your mood, refresh your energy, and invite sweetness and cheer back into your life.

Vanilla (Vanilla spp.): This beloved spice has long been treasured for its comforting, softening qualities. Vanilla is known for its calming, grounding effect on the nervous system, easing stress and gently opening the heart. Its warm, familiar aroma helps melt emotional tension and create a sense of safety and ease. Magically, vanilla is tied to love, warmth, pleasure, and emotional harmony. Add to spells, offerings, and winter remedies to soften sharp moods, encourage self-love, and wrap your spirit in a sense of sweetness and peace.

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum): Often harvested in late autumn, cardamom is a warming, aromatic spice used traditionally to support digestion, revive low spirits, and gently energize the body without overstimulation. Its sweet, floral heat helps dispel emotional heaviness, bringing clarity and a sense of uplift when winter feels particularly long. Magically, cardamom is linked to joy, confidence, love, and the opening of the heart. Add to teas, charms, and seasonal rituals to lighten your mood, enhance emotional warmth, and welcome in renewed brightness and inspiration.

Other potential plant allies for joy, cheer, lightness of heart, and brightness include clove (Syzygium aromaticum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), and spruce (Picea spp.).

For Guarding Health Through Winter’s Chill

It's a common misconception that cold causes illness. Still, illnesses indeed increase during the coldest months of the year due to close proximity with our family and friends as we move indoors to escape winter's chill and the drying out of our protective mucous membranes. This is the perfect time to turn to your plant allies, inviting herbs that strengthen your body's natural defenses, boost immunity, and protect against cold and flu season.

The herbs on this list are magically and medicinally associated with health, immunity, fortifying defenses, and protection.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale): Harvested in late summer through early winter, ginger roots are often cured or dried so they can be used year-round in teas, broths, and remedies. Traditionally, ginger has been valued for its warming, stimulating qualities, supporting digestion, circulation, and overall vitality. Modern research shows that ginger contains powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds, helping strengthen immunity and support the body’s natural defenses, making it especially helpful during colder months when energy wanes. Magically, ginger is associated with courage, inner fire, protection, and accelerated manifestation. Use in spells, rituals, and remedies to boost resilience, ignite motivation, and fortify both body and spirit.

Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus or Astragalus mongholicus): After a full season of growth, astragalus roots are unearthed in the fall, when their strength and medicinal qualities are at their peak, and stored for later use during the winter months. Long used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, astragalus is renowned as a long-lasting immune tonic, helping strengthen the body’s defenses over time rather than providing quick, temporary effects. Studies suggest that astragalus may support immune cell function, bolster the body’s resistance to stress, and enhance overall vitality, making it an ideal herb for long-term stamina to get you through the winter months. Magically, astragalus is linked to protection, longevity, and strengthening one’s energetic boundaries. Add to spells, rituals, and healing blends to safeguard your energy and promote long-lasting wellness.

Black Pepper (Piper nigrum): Black pepper has long been valued not only for its fiery flavor but also for its warming, stimulating qualities. It supports circulation, boosts digestion, and can help invigorate energy levels, making it a perfect companion for maintaining and guarding your health through winter's chill. Its warming properties help the body stay resilient in colder months, while its bioactive compounds support nutrient absorption and immune function. Magically, black pepper is associated with courage, protection, fortitude, and activating one’s willpower. Use in spells, rituals, and remedies to fortify your vitality, bolster health, and promote resilience through seasonal challenges.

Other potential plant allies for health, immunity, fortifying defenses, and protection include echinacea (Echinacea purpurea), garlic (Allium sativum), and elderberry (Sambucus nigra).

For Soothing the Spirit When Nights Grow Long

Despite the holiday season, winter's darkness can weigh heavily on one's heart and mind. As the holidays approach and the cold presses in, stress, tension, and restlessness can build, making it harder to find peace and clarity. As such, turning to herbs that calm the nervous system, soothe the spirit, and help you move through the season with grace, stillness, and emotional balance is needed.

The herbs on this list are magically and medicinally associated with calm, stillness, peace, and stress reduction.

Cedar (Cedrus spp.): Cedar thrives throughout the colder months, holding its deep green color even in the darkest part of the year. This resilient evergreen has long been valued for its cleansing, grounding aroma, which helps calm the nervous system and ease tension held in both body and mind. Cedar’s antimicrobial and respiratory-supporting qualities make it a useful ally during winter, helping open the lungs and clear the senses. Magically, cedar is associated with protection, purification, tranquility, and sacred space. Use in spells, rituals, and remedies to release stress, cultivate inner stillness, and create a peaceful environment for reflection and renewal.

Frankincense (Boswellia serrata): Frankincense resin is gathered by carefully tapping the bark of the Boswellia tree, allowing the aromatic sap to harden under the desert sun before it is collected. Long revered in spiritual and medicinal traditions, frankincense promotes deep, steady breathing and supports a calmer, more focused state of mind. Its anti-inflammatory properties help ease tension in the body, while its rich, grounding scent encourages meditative stillness and emotional release. Magically, frankincense is associated with purification, peace, spiritual clarity, and raising vibrations. Use in spells, rituals, and wintertime remedies to quiet inner turmoil, center your spirit, and cultivate a peaceful, sacred atmosphere.

Skullcap (Scutellaria spp.): Skullcap grows vigorously through late spring and summer, producing delicate blue-lavender blossoms that are harvested just as they begin to open. Traditionally used as a nervine, skullcap helps soothe frayed nerves, quiet racing thoughts, and ease physical tension brought on by stress or emotional overwhelm. It gently supports the entire nervous system, making it especially helpful for those who carry anxiety in their muscles or struggle to unwind at the end of the day. Magically, skullcap is linked to peace, relaxation, emotional release, and protection from stress. Add to spells, rituals, and calming remedies to settle the mind, restore balance, and invite a sense of deep and lasting serenity.

Other potential plant allies for peace, calmness, and stress relief include mistletoe (Viscum album), wood betony (Betonica officinalis), oatstraw (Avena sativa), cacao (Theobroma cacao), and myrrh (Commiphora spp.).

For Enduring the Deep Cold With Steady Strength

I always associate the heart of winter with endurance and resilience, a time when strength and foresight were essential for survival through the coldest months. Our ancestors relied on both their bodies and their resources to withstand harsh conditions, knowing that a lack of preparation could spell death. While most of us no longer face life-or-death struggles, winter still requires stamina, both physical and emotional. This is when plant allies that fortify, energize, and sustain us become invaluable, helping us move through the season with strength and perseverance.

The herbs on this list are magically and medicinally associated with stamina, perseverance, endurance, and vitality.

Juniper Berries (Juniperus communis): Juniper berries ripen slowly over the course of the late summer into fall, and are often collected after their first frost for peak potency. Known for their warming, stimulating properties, they support circulation, strengthen the urinary and respiratory systems, and boost overall vitality, making them ideal for navigating the long, cold months. Their pungent foresty flavor is wonderful in teas, tinctures, or culinary winter blends. Magically, juniper berries are associated with protection, courage, endurance, and purification. Use in spells, rituals, and remedies to fortify your body, sustain energy, and strengthen your resolve during challenging seasons.

Birch (Betula spp.): While birch trees awaken early in the spring, their bark and twigs are most potent when harvested in late winter. Birch is traditionally used to support kidney and liver function, aid detoxification, and gently stimulate energy and circulation, helping the body maintain stamina and vitality after periods of rest or illness. Magically, birch is associated with renewal, protection, purification, and perseverance. Use in spells, rituals, and remedies to bolster endurance, clear stagnant energy, and call upon your inner flame to help you face the challenges ahead.

Oak (Quercus robur): It should come as no surprise that oak is featured on this list. It is a well-known symbol of strength, resilience, and winter. For centuries, oak has symbolized physical and spiritual strength, and its bark has been used medicinally for its astringent and antimicrobial qualities, making it particularly useful in protecting against infection, supporting wound healing, and fortifying the body’s defenses. Rich in tannins, oak bark tea or decoctions were traditionally used to strengthen tissues and enhance resilience in times of sickness or fatigue. Magically, oak is strongly associated with protection, endurance, grounding, and steadfast power. Use in spells, charms, and winter rituals to anchor your energy, shield yourself from harm, and call upon deep-rooted strength.

Other potential plant allies for fortifying stamina, perseverance, and vitality include hawthorn berries (Crataegus monogyna), angelica root (Angelica archangelica), pine (Pinus spp.), reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), and ginseng (Panax ginseng).

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As the wheel turns toward winter, these plant allies can help ensure you are happy and healthy for the coming months. Magically, they can empower and enrich your spells and rituals, timing them with seasonal changes and encouraging a bright and prosperous future. How you work with these plant allies is entirely up to you, but remember to always ask them for their assistance and thank them for whatever they provide for you in return. Maintaining these relationships is important and worthwhile.

Is there a plant you like to work with during the winter months that I failed to include on this list? Let me know in the comments below!

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Tarot Emblemata by Nitasia Roland Review

Disclosure: Some of the links below are affiliate links, meaning, at no additional cost to you, I will earn a commission if you click through and make a purchase. I received a free copy of this deck in exchange for an honest review.

Several weeks ago, Weiser reached out asking if I would be interested in reviewing several of their latest tarot decks, to which I enthusiastically agreed, especially once I saw the lineup. One of these decks includes Tarot Emblemata by Nitasia Roland, who was inspired to create this unique tarot deck after deep diving into Renaissance emblems.

Unlike traditionally illustrated decks, Tarot Emblemata uses 16th-century, French emblems attributed to Bernard Salomon, which were published by Jean de Tournes and Guillaume Gazeau in 1551. Roland meticulously cleaned up dozens of images from books, museum scans, and other resources, helping to preserve art well beyond its time. I cannot begin to describe how important this beautiful memorial is to preserving otherwise forgotten works.

Much like tarot, these emblems held significant cultural meaning, meanings similar to those found within the tarot. Each card contains an inscriptio, pictura, and subscriptio that aligns with the traditional tarot meanings. Most of the cards contain the original inscriptio and subscriptio, but Roland has changed a few to better suit the card's meaning. These new images provide an alternative way to view the cards, which, along with their inscriptio and subscriptio, provide a unique tarot reading experience that will delight new and old practitioners alike.

When I first opened this deck, I wasn't sure how I was going to feel about the illustration choices. I am not going to lie, tarot is not something I really use in my practice, and I don't read the cards often. Because of this, I do not have a particularly strong understanding of each card nor a pull to any card in particular. At first glance, these cards seemed more difficult to read and understand than traditional Rider-Waite tarot, but once I took the time to actually look at the details of each emblem and read the subscript, everything started to fall into place. I had many an 'ah-ha!' moment as I flipped through the cards, details clicking into place the more I studied each card.

Tarot Emblemata contains 83 traditional tarot cards, as well as 5 oracle cards to help clarify your readings. All five are beautifully illustrated and an excellent addition to this already gorgeous deck. I think more tarot creators should follow suit and add some clarifying oracle cards to their decks. Yes, I know more cards seem like a lot when there are already so many, but sometimes a unique perspective is needed.

As with other decks, Roland has included a magnificent guidebook which not only breaks down the card's meaning, but also gives a brief history of the emblem shown and its associated motto. This is such a refreshing take on a tired concept that I found myself reading about each card as I sat on the floor after photographing the deck. I sat so long flipping through its pages that my husband had to order dinner because I had completely forgotten about time!

Finally, these cards are sturdy and likely to hold up with repeated use. I have handled and reviewed many decks over the years, and these cards are among the best quality-wise. The edges are decked in a shiny rose gold, which will likely wear off over time with repeated use, but the cards themselves will hold up just fine.

If you are looking for a new approach to the tarot, Tarot Emblemata by Nitasia Roland is the deck for you. I highly recommend checking out this labor of love and seeing where the cards take you!

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Runes for the Dark Season: Guidance from Isa, Hagalaz, and Nauthiz

Winter is a time of stillness, introspection, and surrender as the sun fades. Our ancestors historically used this time to turn inward, focusing on resting and tasks of the hearth and home. If preparations were not taken seriously, this could result in catastrophic consequences for those caught unprepared. Heavy snowfalls could cave roofs, storehouses could run short, and disease and frostbite loomed in dark, dank corners. Despite all odds, our ancestors made it through even the toughest, coldest of winters, persevering in the face of hardship.

In the language of the runes, this season and our ability to survive is beautifully expressed by Isa, Hagalaz, and Nauthiz. Together, they form a triad of endurance, transformation, and necessity, representing a poetic map for surviving and ultimately thriving in the dark, just as our ancestors once did.

In today's post, we will explore how to work with these runes during the dark season, including their symbolism and their use in meditations, spells, rituals, and mantras.

Isa, the Ice Rune

When winter’s cold arrives, Isa rules the landscape. Streams freeze, seeds sleep beneath the soil, and life holds its breath. Isa teaches us the power of not moving, of standing firm until the right moment for thaw and action returns. In modern magical practice, Isa can represent frozen progress, mental clarity, or the need to maintain boundaries. It's important to note that its energy isn’t about punishment or stagnation, but containment. 

Last year, I wrote a detailed guide on Isa, in which I addressed the misconception that Isa is a bad omen. It is one of my favorite runes to work with during the winter months because of its dark symbolism, but it is ultimately a reminder to slow down, pause, and wait until we act. 

Meaning: Ice, Pause, Preservation, Concentration of energy, Introspection, Self-control

Working with Isa:

• Spell: Hold a glass of cool water and trace Isa onto it, asking the rune to bring stillness to your spirit. Take a slow sip and speak the words, “I pause. I rest. I restore.” Sit quietly for a few minutes, letting the calm settle before drinking or offering the remaining water when you’re ready to move again.
• Magic: Use Isa for grounding scattered energy, halting unwanted momentum, or preserving intentions until the right time.
• Journal Prompts: What in my life feels “frozen” right now? Beneath the surface of that stillness, what quiet growth may be occurring that I cannot yet see?
  
  

Mantra: “I am the calm between movements. I am ice, holding light within.”

Message/Gift: Isa’s gift is patience. It is a reminder that rest is not failure, but preparation.

Hagalaz, the Hail Rune

Hagalaz is the rune of hail. It is hard, cold, and unpredictable, yet nourishing. While hail initially damages all that it touches, it eventually melts, nourishing what it strikes in return. This is the paradox of transformation: sometimes, we must be broken open to begin anew. 

During the dark months, Hagalaz often manifests as emotional storms or sharp revelations that come to us in the dark as we engage in shadow work. It can feel uncomfortable, but its presence signals the necessary changes we must make to grow. Like Isa, Hagalaz is not inherently bad. Its initial message can be difficult and often feels like a catastrophe when it shows up, but it ultimately serves as a necessary catalyst for personal rebirth.

Meaning: Hail, Catalyst, Sudden change, Destruction that clears the way, Upheaval

Working with Hagalaz:

• Spell: Write a habit, fear, or pattern you wish to release on a piece of ice or paper. Let it melt or burn safely, visualizing the habit, fear, or pattern being released. Follow this up with mundane actions.
• Magic: Call upon Hagalaz during cleansing or banishing spells. Its harsh nature can help break barriers and allow for change. It is particularly powerful at aiding in habit breaking.
• Journal Prompt: What needs to be broken down so that new growth can take root?
  

Mantra: “From storm I am remade. I trust the breaking; I welcome the clear sky.”

Message/Gift: Hagalaz is the hard truth of winter. It reminds us that everything ends, yet within every ending lies the promise of a new beginning.

Nauthiz, the Necessity Rune

If Isa is the stillness and Hagalaz the storm, Nauthiz is the spark that keeps us alive through both. Its Old Norse root, nauðr, means “need” or "distress." On the surface, this seems a bad omen as well, but it's often called "need-fire," alluding to the spark that keeps driving us to overcome challenges. It symbolizes the resilience, resourcefulness, and restraint to persevere in the face of adversity, and that is exactly what our ancestors needed to survive harsh winters.

Furthermore, Nauthiz invites us to look at our true needs over our desires or distractions. What are the bare essentials we require? What do we need in this situation to make it out to the other side? It’s the rune of survival and inner strength, teaching that even when the fire seems small, it can still hold the dark at bay.

Whenever Nauthiz shows up in my rune spreads, I know that whatever may come to pass, I will come out a better, stronger person. It has shown up twice in the last year, and while I have certainly struggled, the growth I have experienced was well worth the trials and tribulations.

Meaning: Necessity, Friction, Survival, Inner fire, Constraint, Hardship, Need-fire

Working with Nauthiz:

• Spell: Light a single flame in the dark and say: “From need, I rise. From lack, I learn. Within me burns the will to endure.” Focus on your inner fire, however faint, and visualize it growing.
• Magic: Use Nauthiz to kindle motivation, persistence, or self-discipline, especially during creative or spiritual dry spells.
• Journal Prompt: What truly sustains me in hard times? What false needs drain my strength?

Mantra: “From need, my fire rises. What I require, I call inward. My inner flame is enough.”

Message/Gift: Nauthiz teaches that necessity births ingenuity, and endurance is a teacher that leads to growth and renewal.

Dark Season Rune Meditation

One of the best ways to connect with any rune is to spend time working with it, and the first step in this process is through meditation and opening yourself up to the messages the rune has to offer you. This runic meditation is designed to do just that, allowing you to connect with each rune individually and with the story they tell.

Lay these three runes out in front of you in the following order: Isa, Hagalaz, Nauthiz

As a reminder, Isa reminds us to pause and gather strength, Hagalaz to accept and endure the transformative process, and Nauthiz to use your inner light to move forward with purpose.

Sit quietly before the runes, breathing in their energy of cold, storm, and inner flame. Study each rune closely, seeing how each flows into the next, how stillness breaks away into rebirth. Reflect upon how each rune appears in your life right now, and what steps you could take to move forward. Write down any messages, epiphanies, or thoughts that arise.

Next, pick up each rune starting with Isa and hold it in your hands. Close your eyes and open your heart and mind to any messages Isa wishes to send to you. Do this for each rune, writing down your experiences as you go.

When finished, say, "From stillness, I learn patience. From the storm, I learn release. From need, I learn resilience. Thus, I walk the dark and come out renewed."

I encourage you to work through the following journal prompts to help put everything into perspective.

1. Where in my life am I being asked to slow down or stop? What strength might be quietly building in that stillness?
2. What disruption, shift, or “storm” is currently reshaping me? What truth might it be clearing space for?
3. What essential need or inner fire becomes visible when everything unnecessary is stripped away?
4. How do the energies of stillness, breaking, and need show up as a continuous story in my life right now?
5. In what ways am I being remade by this season? How can I honor the resilience I’m cultivating as I walk through it?

Dark Season Rune Spread

I have been trying to come up with more rune spreads as of late in my attempt to better connect with my Nordic ancestry. While we cannot be certain if or how runes were cast, it is clear they held meaning to the Norse. This spread is built around the meaning of Isa, Hagalz, and Nauthiz, with the runes you draw for those locations painting a picture of your life right now and what actions you need to take this winter to ensure your rebirth in the spring.

As with all divination, begin by cleansing and consecrating your space and grounding and centering yourself. If you feel called to, cast a circle and invite any deities, spirits, or ancestors you wish to guide you to join you. Hold your rune bag in both hands and close your eyes. Breathe deeply and slowly in and out, focusing on your intention to understand where you are, what is being reshaped, and what inner strength will carry you forward. With your intention firmly in your mind, say, "Through stillness, through storm, through need, I seek the wisdom of the dark season." Draw three runes and place them in a horizontal line as seen below.

Rune Meanings:

1. Rune One: The Freeze- This position reveals where energy has paused, where growth is dormant, or where your own spirit is asking for rest. It can highlight such things as a project that needs to wait, a boundary you need to reinforce, or part of yourself that is quietly gathering strength. However, Isa reminds us not to force movement but instead to let things rest.
   Write it down and reflect: What is frozen in my life right now? What is being preserved beneath the surface? What should I let rest?
2. Rune Two: The Breaking- This position exposes the forces of transformation that are clearing the way for renewal. It can signify a necessary ending, a habit or attachment that must be released, or a shake-up that creates clarity. Either way, a truth is breaking open so you may see clearly.
   Write it down and reflect: What storm or breaking is reshaping my path in this season? What blockages are being removed?
3. Rune Three: The Ember- This position points to what sustains you, that fuel in your core that will help you navigate this time or trial. It can indicate a skill or mindset that you will need to carry with you, a need that must be honored and respected, or a source of motivation. In the end, it reveals what you truly need and what you should tend to.
   Write it down and reflect: What burns beneath it all? What inner fire must I tend to move forward through the dark?

One of the major strengths of this layout is the story it tells. Position one represents Isa, showing us where the world has gone still; position two is Hagalaz, revealing what cracks exist in the ice; position three is Nauthiz, illuminating the fire you carry forward that survives the breaking. Whatever runes you draw tell this story and will help you answer the question: How does the dark season shape me?

You can download your free copy of the journal prompts below.

Isa, Hagalaz, and Nauthiz are not easy teachers, but they are certainly honest ones. They show us that life, even magic, does not always glitter. But, beneath every frozen field are seeds awaiting the warmth of spring; after every storm, the air is cleared for new breath; and in every moment of need, the ember of human perseverance glows. I hope that this winter you will recognize the strength in the stillness and that whatever storms may come, they bring clarity to your life.

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